Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
School of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
2
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Mazandaran, Iran.
3
Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
4
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran.
5
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Mazandaran, Iran
6
Food and Drug Administration, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
7
Faculty of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
8
Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
10.22092/ari.2025.367384.3382
Abstract
Cancer vaccines could potentially stimulate the immune system to target and eliminate cancerous cells by stimulating the immune system. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, depending on the type and stage of cancer. Several challenges must be overcome to achieve an effective and long-lasting immune response. Nanoadjuvants have emerged as an essential component of cancer vaccines for their ability to improve antigen delivery, increase immunogenicity, and modulate the immune response to a given antigen. The current review details the latest developments in nanoadjuvants for cancer vaccines. Nanoparticles such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and metallic nanostructures have been shown to have a unique ability to enhance the effectiveness of vaccines by facilitating antigen uptake, stimulating dendritic cell maturation, and inducing a robust immune response mediated by T cells. It is also possible, with nanoadjuvants, to engineer and develop immunoadjuvants that release antigens in a controlled manner. This enhances the immune response duration and specificity for an extended period. Moreover, the review discusses the potential application of nanoadjuvants in highly customized cancer vaccines, in which the nanoformulation has been designed to match the specific antigens of the patient's tumors. In numerous preclinical and clinical studies, nanoadjuvant-based cancer vaccines have been evaluated for their safety and effectiveness, and various formulations are currently being tested at different stages of development to determine their efficacy and safety. However, despite these advances, several challenges still remain, such as potential toxicity, scaling up production, and overcoming regulatory hurdles, despite these advancements. In conclusion, by giving an overview of the future directions of nanoadjuvants in cancer immunotherapy, and emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaborative efforts to address these challenges to fully unlock the potential of this innovative approach to cancer immunotherapy.
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