Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3
Department of Microbiology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
10.22092/ari.2026.371361.3940
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccines play a vital role in contemporary healthcare and have been effectively utilized to fight against bacterial and viral infections. Diseases such as tuberculosis, which were once feared and caused significant harm throughout history, are now uncommon. Unlike other types of medications that are typically given to treat sick individuals, vaccines are generally given as a preventive measure to normal people, although there are some exceptions to this approach. The history of infections and prophylactic vaccines is rich with significant scientific lessons, offering invaluable insights for future advancements. Vaccines have been utilized for various pathogens for a long time. Advances in basic immunology and recombinant DNA technology have primarily altered vaccine production, antigen optimization, and the selection of efficient vaccine delivery methods. Historically, tuberculosis has been a crucial cause of mortality all around the world. Tuberculosis infection continues to pose a serious threat to human health because of its contagious nature, the potential for it to remain latent in the host extended periods, and its emergence as an active infection. According to estimates, one-third of the global population, approximately two billion people, are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Those experiencing latent infection are only infected with M. tuberculosis without having any clinical symptoms. Therefore, being aware of effective vaccines against tuberculosis is of paramount importance. The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine is mostly applied against tuberculosis. New TB vaccine development is a priority for world health organization (WHO) as it is an important unmet medical need. In this study, after a brief overview of vaccine types, several vaccines effective against tuberculosis were investigated.
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