Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Nigde Omer Halisdemir University
2
Department of Agriculture, Jo.C, Islamic Azad University, Jouybar, Iran
3
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Zakho, Duhok, Iraq
4
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Batman Training and Research Hospital, Batman, Turkey
5
Allergy and Asthma Center, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan. Former Chief, Clinical and Tropical Diseases Research Division, National Institute of Health, Islamabad. Former HOD Allergy & Immunology, NIH, Islamabad, Pakistan
10.22092/ari.2025.369446.3655
Abstract
The ongoing occurrence of zoonotic and viral diseases, such as SARS-CoV-2, H5N1, Nipah, and Ebola viruses, underscores the requirement for transformative innovations in vaccine and antiviral development. Classic vaccine technologies like inactivated or live-attenuated virus products have lengthy production cycles, cold-chain storage, and are poorly suited to reacting rapidly to emerging threats This review synthesizes the most recent advances in molecular virology, immunogen design, and biotechnology that will propel the next generation of prevention and treatment tools. We begin with the genomic and structural characteristics of high-consequence zoonotic viruses, highlighting the molecular determinants for virulence, host switching, and immune evasion. The review then provides a comparative review of the emerging vaccine platforms such as mRNA, DNA, viral vector, subunit, and inactivated vaccines based on design rationale, delivery systems, immunogenicity profiles, and global rollouts. At the same time, molecular mechanisms of antiviral drugs acting against viral polymerases, proteases, and entry mechanisms are discussed, and the new challenge of resistance evolution is emphasized. We also highlight recently developed molecular diagnostic tools like CRISPR-based tools, nanopore sequencing, and isothermal amplification technologies that are transforming real-time pathogen diagnosis in veterinary and human medicine. Last, the One Health aspect is introduced through veterinary applications of vaccines to zoonotic spillover prevention and antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, this review gives a vision-orientated account of molecular strategies that bring together human and animal medicine to combat future pandemics. Our aggregated tables and visualizations are an asset for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers interested in the improvement of epidemic preparedness and cross-species disease surveillance.
Keywords
Main Subjects
)