Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Professor, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad. Bab Al-Mouadam,10001. Baghdad Iraq
2
Assistant professor, King Khalid university, muhayil, Saudi Arabia
3
Md pharmacology, Professor MGM Medical College, Vashi, Navi Mumbai
4
ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka
10.22092/ari.2024.365282.3064
Abstract
Tuberculosis infection (TBI), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) antigens, presents with or without clinical signs of active TB disease and is a persistent global threat despite efforts to eradicate it. The emergence of HIV/AIDS has hindered complete eradication. Recent research has focused on vaccines, diagnostics, and treatment. This review examines vulnerable populations, high-risk groups, and socio-economic factors influencing TBI prevalence. It also explores the intersection of TBI and the COVID-19 pandemic, including healthcare disruptions and transmission dynamics. Advances in TBI diagnosis, biomarkers, prophylactic therapies, and combination treatments are discussed, along with the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in TBI therapy to optimize treatment and personalize care. Vulnerability to TBI varies based on age, socio-economic status, and immune status. High-risk groups include those with compromised immune systems, the elderly, and those in crowded or poorly ventilated settings. Socio-economic factors such as poverty and limited healthcare access also contribute to TBI prevalence. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted TBI diagnosis and treatment, with limited healthcare access impacting outcomes. Changes in healthcare delivery, like telemedicine, may have long-term impacts on TBI care. Improved biomarkers, like interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), offer faster TBI diagnosis. Prophylactic therapies, such as isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), reduce active TB risk in high-risk groups. Combination treatments are being evaluated for drug-resistant strains.AI integration in TBI therapy could lead to better outcomes by analyzing patient data for personalized treatment plans. In conclusion, TBI remains a global health threat requiring ongoing research and innovative approaches for diagnosis and treatment. Advances in diagnosis, prophylactic therapies, and combination treatments, along with AI integration, offer hope for improved outcomes and better patient care.
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