Detection of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Three Provinces of Iran: 2017-2018

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.32592/ARI.2024.79.6.1263

Abstract

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), a highly contagious mycoplasmal disease, poses a remarkable threat to goat populations due to its rapid spread. Despite the existence of CCPP cases in Iran, less research has been conducted on this disease. To address this knowledge gap, the present cross-sectional study focused on the report and investigation of CCPP cases along with clinical signs and necropsy findings of this disease in Tehran, Kermanshah, and Yazd provinces. CCPP outbreak was investigated among 4,400 goats in six breeding farms. The study encompassed both male and female goats of imported breeds, such as Alpine (1500), Saanen (1700), and Murcia Granada (1200), across various age groups. Clinical signs of the infected animals were carefully observed and recorded, and detailed necropsy observations were documented. Multiple samples were collected for PCR to confirm CCPP, including nasal swabs (35), pleural fluid (65), and lung tissue (83). A total of 516 goats (11.7%) were diagnosed with CCPP, and among them, 287 goats (6.5%) unfortunately succumbed to the disease. The morbidity rates in Tehran, Kermanshah, and Yazd provinces were 11.7%, 12.7%, and 10.5%, respectively, while the corresponding mortality rates were 6.5%, 7.2%, and 5.7%. The main clinical signs included fever (89%), anorexia (68%), nasal discharge (78%), difficulty in breathing (54%), painful coughing (96%), and grunting (84%). During necropsy examinations, lung consolidation and hepatization (98.3%), the presence of extensive straw-colored serous fluid and fibrinous exudate on the pleural surface (94%), alveolar cellular exudate (90.6%), and adhesion of lungs (46%) were the primary post-mortem signs observed. Clinical and necropsy findings were all confirmatory of CCPP (100%). The disease agent's existence was verified in 183 cases (63.7%) based on PCR results. The scarcity of clinical and well-documented studies on CCPP disease in Iran is apparent. However, the findings of this study contribute uniquely to expanding our knowledge of CCPP and raising awareness about its presence among Iranian goats. The study strongly recommends including vaccination as an essential measure for preventing CCPP.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Esmaeili H, Hamedi M. Color Atlas of Seep and Goat Disease of Iran. second ed. Iran: University of Tehran Press; 2017.
  2. Molla W, Zegeye A, Mekonnen SA, Fentie T, Berju A, Nigatu S, et al. Risk factors associated with contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in goats of Amhara region, Ethiopia. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2023;215:105909.
  3. Smith MC, Sherman DM. Goat medicine. Third edition ed: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2023.
  4. Iqbal Yatoo M, Raffiq Parray O, Tauseef Bashir S, Ahmed Bhat R, Gopalakrishnan A, Karthik K, et al. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia - a comprehensive review. Vet Q. 2019;39(1):1–25.
  5. Jores J, Baldwin C, Blanchard A, Browning GF, Colston A, Gerdts V, et al. Contagious Bovine and Caprine Pleuropneumonia: a research community’s recommendations for the development of better vaccines. npj Vaccines. 2020;5(1):66.
  6. Abd-Elrahman AH, Khafaga AF, Abas OM. The first identification of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in sheep and goats in Egypt: molecular and pathological characterization. Tropical animal health and production. 2020;52:1179-86.
  7. Hussain R, Auon M, Khan A, Khan MZ, Mahmood F, Ur-Rehman S. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Beetal goats. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2012;44(3):477-81.
  8. Woubit S, Lorenzon S, Peyraud A, Manso-Silvan L, Thiaucourt F. A specific PCR for the identification of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae, the causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP). Vet Microbiol. 2004;104(1-2):125-32.
  9. Saeed EM, Osman SA. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Qassim region, Saudi Arabia: a comparative study. Tropical Biomedicine. 2018;35(1):67-75.
  10. Abrhaley A, Ejo M, Fentie T. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in Western Amhara, Northwest Ethiopia. Journal of veterinary medicine. 2019;2019.
  11. Teshome D, Sori T, Sacchini F, Wieland B. Epidemiological investigations of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia in selected districts of Borana zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2019;51(3):703-11.
  12. Prats-van der Ham M, de la Fe C, Amores J, Paterna A, Tatay-Dualde J, Gómez-Martín Á. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) and other emergent mycoplasmal diseases affecting small ruminants in arid lands. Journal of Arid Environments. 2015;119:9-15.
  13. Iqbal Yatoo M, Raffiq Parray O, Tauseef Bashir S, Muheet, Ahmed Bhat R, Gopalakrishnan A, et al. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia–a comprehensive review. Veterinary Quarterly. 2019;39(1):1-25.
  14. Namazi F, Derakhshandeh A, Hezaveh SS, Eraghi V. Detection of Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae and Mannheimia haemolytica as causative agents of pleuropneumonia in goats. Infectio. 2020;24(4):208-11.
  15. Khodakaram-Tafti A, Derakhshandeh A, Daee AA, Seyedin M. Identification of Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae and Mycoplasma arginini by culture, PCR, and histopathology in pneumonic lungs of slaughtered goats in Mashhad, Iran. Iran J Vet Res. 2023;24(2):96-101.
  16. Dhaygude V, Kamdi B, Barate A, Sukare J, Sabharwal D, Tumlam U, Mote C. Pathological and molecular diagnosis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in naturally infected goats (Capra hircus) from Maharashtra, India. Emerging Animal Species. 2023;7:100024.
  17. Shah MK, Saddique U, Ahmad S, Iqbal A, Ali A, Shahzad W, et al. Molecular characterization of local isolates of Mycoplasma capricolum sub specie Capripneumoniae in goats (Capra hircus) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Pak Vet J. 2017;37(1):90-4.
  18. More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, et al. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Venezuelan equine encephalitis. EFSA Journal. 2017;15(8).
  19. Samiullah S. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and its current picture in Pakistan: a review. Veterinarni medicina. 2013;58(8).
  20. Asmare K, Abayneh T, Mekuria S, Ayelet G, Sibhat B, Skjerve E, et al. A meta-analysis of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in Ethiopia. Acta Tropica. 2016;158:231-9.
  21. Yatoo MI, Parray OR, Mir MS, Qureshi S, Amin Z, Kashoo MN, et al. Mycoplasmosis in small ruminants in India: a review. Journal of Experimental Biology. 2018;6(2):264-81.
  22. Samadipoor M, Mohammadi P, Farjanikish G, Masoudifard M, Esmaeili H. Radiographic, Microbiologic, and Pathologic Study of Pneumonia in Imported Sheep and Goats. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Surgery. 2023:43-50.
  23. Thiaucourt F, Nwankpa ND, Amanfu W. Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia. Veterinary Vaccines: Principles and Applications. 2021:317-26.
  24. Mara AB, Gavitt TD, Tulman ER, Geary SJ, Szczepanek SM. Lipid moieties of Mycoplasma pneumoniae lipoproteins are the causative factor of vaccine-enhanced disease. npj Vaccines. 2020;5(1):31.
  25. Salt J, Jores J, Labroussaa F, Wako DD, Kairu-Wanyoike SW, Nene V, et al. Vaccination against CCPP in East Africa. The Veterinary Record. 2019;185(9):272.
  26. Renault V, Hambe HA, Van Vlaenderen G, Timmermans E, Mohamed AM, Ethgen O, Saegerman C. Economic impact of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia and cost-benefit analysis of the vaccination programmes based on a one-year continuous monitoring of flocks in the arid and semi-arid lands of Kenya. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2019;66(6):2523-36.
Archives of Razi Institute
Volume 79, Issue 6
November and December 2024
Pages 1263-1270

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics