Comprehensive analysis of Papillomavirus (PV) and its implications in cancer: Bridging the gap between human and veterinary medicine

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Medical doctor, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

2 Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

3 Medical doctor, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran

4 Medical doctor, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran

5 Medical doctor, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran

6 Pharmacist, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

10.32592/ARI.2024.79.6.1145

Abstract

Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) infections pose a significant risk of cancer development in both humans and domestic animals, underscoring the importance of understanding and addressing this viral threat. Recent research highlights the potential of immunotherapies, remarkably immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), in amplifying the immune response against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-related neoantigens, thereby aiding in their neutralization by the immune system. Moreover, vaccines tailored to heighten the immune response against PV-infected cells have demonstrated encouraging outcomes by bolstering CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactions, potentially impeding cancer progression. The oncoproteins E6 and E7, notably implicated in malignancy development, exert deleterious effects by disrupting tumor suppressor proteins and facilitating immune evasion and tumor proliferation, particularly in high-risk PV genotypes like HPV-16 and HPV-18. Despite hurdles such as vaccine hesitancy and concerns regarding vaccine toxicity, PV vaccines have revolutionized disease prevention strategies, offering a beacon of hope in the fight against PV-associated cancers. Advancements in precision medicine and immunotherapy hold promise in managing advanced PV-related cancers by pinpointing and exploiting specific molecular vulnerabilities while bolstering immune responses. This transformative approach can potentially treat established cancers and prevent their recurrence and progression. Consequently, immunotherapies, therapeutic vaccines, and precision medicine have garnered substantial attention in scientific discourse due to their capacity to enhance the quality of life and outcomes for individuals afflicted with PV-related cancers. By harnessing the immune system's power and leveraging cutting-edge therapeutic modalities, researchers and clinicians are poised to reshape the landscape of cancer treatment, offering renewed hope and optimism for those affected by PV-associated malignancies. Thus, integrating innovative strategies into clinical practice is pivotal in combating the formidable challenge PV-induced cancers pose. In conclusion, this review illuminates a path forward in combating PV infections and associated malignancies, potentially revolutionizing the landscape of cancer treatment. By leveraging immunotherapies, therapeutic vaccines, and precision medicine, researchers and clinicians are poised to make significant strides in preventing and treating PV-related cancers, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Sadr S, Yousefsani Z, Simab PA, Alizadeh AJR, Lotfalizadeh N, Borji H. Trichinella spiralis as a potential antitumor agent: An update. World's Veterinary Journal. 2023;13(1):65-74.
  2. Asouli A, Sadr S, Mohebalian H, Borji H. Anti-tumor effect of protoscolex hydatid cyst somatic antigen on inhibition cell growth of K562. Acta parasitologica. 2023;68(2):385-92.
  3. Sun Q, Hong Z, Zhang C, Wang L, Han Z, Ma D. Immune checkpoint therapy for solid tumours: clinical dilemmas and future trends. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy. 2023;8(1):320.
  4. Lotfalizadeh N, Sadr S, Morovati S, Lotfalizadeh M, Hajjafari A, Borji H. A potential cure for tumor‐associated immunosuppression by Toxoplasma gondii. Cancer Reports. 2024;7(2):e1963.
  5. Laureano RS, Sprooten J, Vanmeerbeerk I, Borras DM, Govaerts J, Naulaerts S, et al. Trial watch: Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy for cancer. Oncoimmunology. 2022;11(1):2096363.
  6. Sadr S, Borji H. Echinococcus granulosus as a promising therapeutic agent against triplenegative breast cancer. Current Cancer Therapy Reviews. 2023;19(4):292-7.
  7. Sadr S, Ghiassi S, Lotfalizadeh N, Simab PA, Hajjafari A, Borji H. Antitumor mechanisms of molecules secreted by Trypanosoma cruzi in colon and breast cancer: A review. Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Cancer Agents). 2023;23(15):1710-21.
  8. Tay BQ, Wright Q, Ladwa R, Perry C, Leggatt G, Simpson F, et al. Evolution of cancer vaccines—Challenges, achievements, and future directions. Vaccines. 2021;9(5):535.
  9. Ghasemi Darestani N, Gilmanova AI, Al-Gazally ME, Zekiy AO, Ansari MJ, Zabibah RS, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-released oncolytic virus: an innovative strategy for cancer treatment. Cell Communication and Signaling. 2023;21(1):1-20.
  10. Dobosz P, Stępień M, Golke A, Dzieciątkowski T. Challenges of the immunotherapy: perspectives and limitations of the immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(5):2847.
  11. Darvishi M, Tosan F, Nakhaei P, Manjili DA, Kharkouei SA, Alizadeh A, et al. Recent progress in cancer immunotherapy: Overview of current status and challenges. Pathology-Research and Practice. 2023;241:154241.
  12. Shetty SS, Sonkusare S, Naik PB, Madhyastha H. Environmental pollutants and their effects on human health. Heliyon. 2023.
  13. Blauvelt A, Armstrong AW, Langley RG, Gebauer K, Thaçi D, Bagel J, et al. Efficacy of guselkumab versus secukinumab in subpopulations of patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: results from the ECLIPSE study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 2022;33(4):2317-24.
  14. Jamal A. Vaccines: Advancements, Impact, and the Road Ahead in Medicine. BULLET: Jurnal Multidisiplin Ilmu. 2023;2(5):1047-55.
  15. Huang J, Deng Y, Boakye D, Tin MS, Lok V, Zhang L, et al. Global distribution, risk factors, and recent trends for cervical cancer: A worldwide country-level analysis. Gynecologic oncology. 2022;164(1):85-92.
  16. Lu J, Han S, Na J, Li Y, Wang J, Wang X. The correlation between multiple HPV infections and the occurrence, development, and prognosis of cervical cancer. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2023;14:1220522.
  17. Yuan H, Ghim S, Newsome J, Apolinario T, Olcese V, Martin M, et al. An epidermotropic canine papillomavirus with malignant potential contains an E5 gene and establishes a unique genus. Virology. 2007;359(1):28-36.
  18. Andrei EC, Baniță IM, Munteanu MC, Busuioc CJ, Mateescu GO, Mălin RD, et al. Oral Papillomatosis: Its Relation with Human Papilloma Virus Infection and Local Immunity—An Update. Medicina. 2022;58(8):1103.
  19. Di Spirito F, Pantaleo G, Di Palo MP, Amato A, Raimondo A, Amato M. Oral Human Papillomavirus Benign Lesions and HPV-Related Cancer in Healthy Children: A Systematic Review. Cancers. 2023;15(4):1096.
  20. McBride AA. Human papillomaviruses: diversity, infection and host interactions. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2022;20(2):95-108.
  21. Mo Y, Ma J, Zhang H, Shen J, Chen J, Hong J, et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic HPV vaccines: current scenario and perspectives. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2022;12:909223.
  22. Oyouni AAA. Human papillomavirus in cancer: Infection, disease transmission, and progress in vaccines. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2023.
  23. Ardekani A, Taherifard E, Mollalo A, Hemadi E, Roshanshad A, Fereidooni R, et al. Human papillomavirus infection during pregnancy and childhood: a comprehensive review. Microorganisms. 2022;10(10):1932.
  24. Hosseini Z, Seyrafi N, Aghamolaei T, Mohseni S, Alavi A, Dadipoor S. The effectiveness of a model-based health education program on genital warts preventive behaviors: a quasi-experimental study. Infectious Agents and Cancer. 2021;16(1):1-11.
  25. Allouch S, Malki A, Allouch A, Gupta I, Vranic S, Al Moustafa A-E. High-risk HPV oncoproteins and PD-1/PD-L1 interplay in human cervical cancer: recent evidence and future directions. Frontiers in Oncology. 2020;10:914.
  26. Zhou L, Ng DS-C, Yam JC, Chen LJ, Tham CC, Pang CP, et al. Post-translational modifications on the retinoblastoma protein. Journal of Biomedical Science. 2022;29(1):1-16.
  27. Castro-Muñoz LJ, Rocha-Zavaleta L, Lizano M, Ramírez-Alcántara KM, Madrid-Marina V, Manzo-Merino J. Alteration of the IFN-Pathway by Human Papillomavirus Proteins: Antiviral Immune Response Evasion Mechanism. Biomedicines. 2022;10(11):2965.
  28. Wu SC, Grace M, Munger K. The HPV8 E6 protein targets the Hippo and Wnt signaling pathways as part of its arsenal to restrain keratinocyte differentiation. Mbio. 2023;14(5):e01556-23.
  29. Ali A, Waris A, Khan MA, Asim M, Khan AU, Khan S, et al. Recent advancement, immune responses, and mechanism of action of various vaccines against intracellular bacterial infections. Life Sciences. 2023;314:121332.
  30. Kumar A, Sahu U, Kumari P, Dixit A, Khare P. Designing of multi-epitope chimeric vaccine using immunoinformatic platform by targeting oncogenic strain HPV 16 and 18 against cervical cancer. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):9521.
  31. Duffy MJ, Synnott NC, O’Grady S, Crown J, editors. Targeting p53 for the treatment of cancer. Seminars in cancer biology; 2022: Elsevier.
  32. Sharma S, Chauhan D, Kumar S, Kumar R. Impact of HPV strains on molecular mechanisms of cervix cancer. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2023:106465.
  33. Hewavisenti RV, Arena J, Ahlenstiel CL, Sasson SC. Human papillomavirus in the setting of immunodeficiency: Pathogenesis and the emergence of next-generation therapies to reduce the high associated cancer risk. Frontiers in Immunology. 2023;14:1112513.
  34. Yousefi Z, Aria H, Ghaedrahmati F, Bakhtiari T, Azizi M, Bastan R, et al. An update on human papilloma virus vaccines: history, types, protection, and efficacy. Frontiers in Immunology. 2022;12:805695.
  35. Gardella B, Gritti A, Soleymaninejadian E, Pasquali MF, Riemma G, La Verde M, et al. New perspectives in therapeutic vaccines for HPV: a critical review. Medicina. 2022;58(7):860.
  36. Deshmukh AA, Damgacioglu H, Georges D, Sonawane K, Ferlay J, Bray F, et al. Global burden of HPV‐attributable squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in 2020, according to sex and HIV status: A worldwide analysis. International Journal of Cancer. 2023;152(3):417-28.
  37. Martinez-Perez AG, Perez-Trujillo JJ, Garza-Morales R, Ramirez-Avila NE, Loera-Arias MJ, Gomez-Gutierrez JG, et al. An Oncolytic Adenovirus Encoding SA-4-1BBL Adjuvant Fused to HPV-16 E7 Antigen Produces a Specific Antitumor Effect in a Cancer Mouse Model. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(2).
  38. Yoon W, Choi JH, Kim S, Park YK. Engineered Salmonella typhimurium expressing E7 fusion protein, derived from human papillomavirus, inhibits tumor growth in cervical tumor-bearing mice. Biotechnology letters. 2014;36:349-56.
  39. Lee TY, Kim YH, Lee KS, Kim JK, Lee IH, Yang JM, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6-specific antitumor immunity is induced by oral administration of HPV16 E6-expressing Lactobacillus casei in C57BL/6 mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2010;59(11):1727-37.
  40. Franconi R, Massa S, Paolini F, Vici P, Venuti A. Plant-Derived Natural Compounds in Genetic Vaccination and Therapy for HPV-Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel). 2020;12(11).
  41. Zhao Y, Wang H, Yang Y, Jia W, Su T, Che Y, et al. Mannose-Modified Liposome Co-Delivery of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E7 Peptide and CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Adjuvant Enhances Antitumor Activity Against Established Large TC-1 Grafted Tumors in Mice. Int J Nanomedicine. 2020;15:9571-86.
  42. Kayyal M, Bolhassani A, Noormohammadi Z, Sadeghizadeh M. Immunological responses and anti-tumor effects of HPV16/18 L1-L2-E7 multiepitope fusion construct along with curcumin and nanocurcumin in C57BL/6 mouse model. Life Sci. 2021;285:119945.
  43. Tang J, Li M, Zhao C, Shen D, Liu L, Zhang X, et al. Therapeutic DNA vaccines against HPV-related malignancies: promising leads from clinical trials. Viruses. 2022;14(2):239.
  44. Li Y-L, Liu J, Liu J-N, Zhang J. Immunization of protein HPV16 E7 in fusion with mouse HSP70 inhibits the growth of TC-1 cells in tumor bearing mice. Vaccine. 2011;29(35):5959-62.
  45. Albers A, Abe K, Hunt J, Wang J, Lopez-Albaitero A, Schaefer C, et al. Antitumor activity of human papillomavirus type 16 E7-specific T cells against virally infected squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Res. 2005;65(23):11146-55.
  46. Hoffmann TK, Arsov C, Schirlau K, Bas M, Friebe-Hoffmann U, Klussmann JP, et al. T cells specific for HPV16 E7 epitopes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx. Int J Cancer. 2006;118(8):1984-91.
  47. Sadraeian M, Rasoul-Amini S, Mansoorkhani MJ, Mohkam M, Ghoshoon MB, Ghasemi Y. Induction of antitumor immunity against cervical cancer by protein HPV-16 E7 in fusion with ricin B chain in tumor-bearing mice. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2013;23(5):809-14.
  48. Yan J, Reichenbach DK, Corbitt N, Hokey DA, Ramanathan MP, McKinney KA, et al. Induction of antitumor immunity in vivo following delivery of a novel HPV-16 DNA vaccine encoding an E6/E7 fusion antigen. Vaccine. 2009;27(3):431-40.
  49. Gong X, Chi H, Xia Z, Yang G, Tian G. Advances in HPV‐associated tumor management: Therapeutic strategies and emerging insights. Journal of Medical Virology. 2023;95(7):e28950.
  50. Jain M, Yadav D, Jarouliya U, Chavda V, Yadav AK, Chaurasia B, et al. Epidemiology, Molecular Pathogenesis, Immuno-Pathogenesis, Immune Escape Mechanisms and Vaccine Evaluation for HPV-Associated Carcinogenesis. Pathogens. 2023;12(12):1380.
Archives of Razi Institute
Volume 79, Issue 6
November and December 2024
Pages 1145-1154

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics