Document Type : Review Article
Authors
1
Medical doctor, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
2
Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3
Medical doctor, Golestan University of Medical Science, Gorgan, Iran
4
Medical doctor, Kashan University of Medical Science, Kashan, Iran
5
Medical doctor, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Guilan, Iran
6
Pharmacist, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
10.22092/ari.2024.365077.3034
Abstract
Abstract
Papillomavirus (PV) infections pose a significant risk of cancer development in both humans and domestic animals, underscoring the importance of understanding and addressing this viral threat. Recent research highlights the potential of immunotherapies, remarkably immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), in amplifying the immune response against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-related neoantigens, thereby aiding in their neutralization by the immune system. Moreover, vaccines tailored to heighten the immune response against PV-infected cells have demonstrated encouraging outcomes by bolstering CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactions, potentially impeding cancer progression. The oncoproteins E6 and E7, notably implicated in malignancy development, exert deleterious effects by disrupting tumor suppressor proteins and facilitating immune evasion and tumor proliferation, particularly in high-risk PV genotypes like HPV-16 and HPV-18. Despite hurdles such as vaccine hesitancy and concerns regarding vaccine toxicity, PV vaccines have revolutionized disease prevention strategies, offering a beacon of hope in the fight against PV-associated cancers. Advancements in precision medicine and immunotherapy hold promise in managing advanced PV-related cancers by pinpointing and exploiting specific molecular vulnerabilities while bolstering immune responses. This transformative approach can potentially treat established cancers and prevent their recurrence and progression. Consequently, immunotherapies, therapeutic vaccines, and precision medicine have garnered substantial attention in scientific discourse due to their capacity to enhance the quality of life and outcomes for individuals afflicted with PV-related cancers. By harnessing the immune system's power and leveraging cutting-edge therapeutic modalities, researchers and clinicians are poised to reshape the landscape of cancer treatment, offering renewed hope and optimism for those affected by PV-associated malignancies. Thus, integrating innovative strategies into clinical practice is pivotal in combating the formidable challenge PV-induced cancers pose. In conclusion, this review illuminates a path forward in combating PV infections and associated malignancies, potentially revolutionizing the landscape of cancer treatment. By leveraging immunotherapies, therapeutic vaccines, and precision medicine, researchers and clinicians are poised to make significant strides in preventing and treating PV-related cancers, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.
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