Monoclonal Antibodies in Modern Medicine and laboratory: A comprehensive review

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

Department of Proteomics and Biochemistry, Razi vaccine and serum research institute, Agricultural research education and extension organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

10.32592/ARI.2025.80.SpecialIssue.11

Abstract

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are a revolutionary advancement in therapeutic interventions, offering specificity in the treatment of various diseases, including cancers, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. These agents have also changed diagnosis tests, particularly immunoassays which are based on antibodies like ELISA, Immunohistochemistry and Flowcytometry. This review article critically evaluates the development, mechanisms of action, clinical applications of monoclonal antibodies, and their usage in diagnosis. We also explain the process of mAb production, such as hybridoma technology, as well as the emergence of novel formats such as bispecific antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates. Additionally, we analyze the current landscape of mAb therapies in clinical practice and highlight recent FDA approvals and ongoing clinical trials. Challenges such as immunogenicity, production costs, and access to therapy are also discussed. This comprehensive review aims to provide a deep understanding of monoclonal antibodies’ impact on modern medicine and their potential to shape future therapeutic plans. Additionally, this review highlights monoclonal antibody projects in Iran, particularly at the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. In this institute, monoclonal antibodies have not only been produced but also developed and applied for the first time in Iran in diagnostic tests for human and animal infectious diseases. Therefore, the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute can be considered one of the pioneers in this field, and its advancements may also benefit neighboring developing countries by providing monoclonal antibodies for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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Archives of Razi Institute
Volume 80, Special Issue - Serial Number 1
Special Issue_ 100th Anniversary
2025
Pages 11-19

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