Synthesis and Evaluation of the Immunomagnetic Beads for Separation of the Salmonella typhimurium from Milk

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

1 Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

2 Student of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

Salmonella causes zoonotic diseases in humans and many animal species. The bacteria could be spread through fecal-oral transmission and consumption of raw contaminated animal products. Despite the activities which are carried out for the prevention of salmonellosis, it causes economic losses. This study aimed to prepare immunomagnetic beads to separate the Salmonella bacteria from experimentally polluted milk samples. The antibodies were purified from the rabbit's hyperimmune sera and coupled to the Fe nanoparticles using diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as a linker. The synthesized particles were analyzed using electron microscopy. The limit of bacterial detection by using the immunomagnetic beads coupled with bacterial culture were tested in experimentally contaminated cow milk with Salmonella. The separated bacteria were identified by using bacterial culture and biochemical tests. Using immunomagnetic beads (IMB), the Salmonella bacteria were removed from milk samples, concentrated in sterilized PBS, and cultured in nutrient agar media. The conventional culture method detected the bacteria in samples polluted with at least 3×104 CFU/mL bacteria; however, isolated bacteria were separated from milk samples using IMB and defined on bacterial culture media. The 3 CFU/mL of S. Typhimurium were detected in experimentally polluted milk samples using the current immunomagnetic-culture method. The results suggested using the IMB-bacterial culture instead of the conventional culture method.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

  1. Andino A, Hanning I. Salmonella enterica: survival, colonization, and virulence differences among serovars. Sci World J. 2015;2015:520179.
  2. Gillespie IA, O'Brien SJ, Adak GK, Ward LR, Smith HR. Foodborne general outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 infection, England and Wales, 1992-2002: where are the risks? Epidemiol Infect. 2005;133(5):795-801.
  3. Ehuwa O, Jaiswal AK, Jaiswal S. Salmonella, Food Safety and Food Handling Practices. Foods. 2021;10(5).
  4. Dewey-Mattia D, Manikonda K, Hall AJ, Wise ME, Crowe SJ. Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks - United States, 2009-2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2018;67(10):1-11.
  5. Marth EH. Salmonellae and Salmonellosis Associated with Milk and Milk Products. A Review1. J Dairy Sci. 1969;52(3):283-315.
  6. Sharp JCM, Paterson GM, Forbes GI. Milk-borne salmonellosis in Scotland. J Infect. 1980;2(4):333-40.
  7. Small RG, Sharp JC. A milk-borne outbreak due to Salmonella dublin. J Hyg (Lond). 1979;82(1):95-100.
  8. Crum-Cianflone NF. Salmonellosis and the gastrointestinal tract: more than just peanut butter. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2008;10(4):424-31.
  1. Chiu CH, Wu TL, Su LH, Chu C, Chia JH, Kuo AJ, et al. The emergence in Taiwan of fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):413-9.
  2. Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED. The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82(5):346-53.
  3. Blaser MJ, Newman LS. A review of human salmonellosis: I. Infective dose. Rev Infect Dis. 1982;4(6):1096-106.
  4. Oscar T. Dose-response model for 13 strains of salmonella. Risk Anal. 2004;24(1):41-9.
  5. Anon. Microbiology–General Guidance on Methods for the Detection of Salmonella. 1993.
  6. Alocilja EC, Radke SM. Market analysis of biosensors for food safety. Biosens Bioelectron. 2003;18(5):841-6.
  7. Khosravi M, Nouri M, Mohammadi A, Mosavari N, Constable PD. Preparation of immunomagnetic beads coupled with a rhodamine hydrazine immunosensor for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in bovine feces, milk, and colostrum. J Dairy Sci. 2021;104(6):6944-60.
  8. Bell RL, Jarvis KG, Ottesen AR, McFarland MA, Brown EW. Recent and emerging innovations in Salmonella detection: a food and environmental perspective. Microb Biotechnol. 2016;9(3):279-92.
  9. Markey B, Leonard F, Archambault M, Cullinane A, Maguire D. Enterobacteriaceae. Clinical Vet Microbiol. 1. 2nd ed2013. p. 239-74.
  10. He Y, Ren Y, Guo B, Yang Y, Ji Y, Zhang D, et al. Development of a specific nanobody and its application in rapid and selective determination of Salmonella enteritidis in milk. Food Chem. 2020;310:125942.
  11. Dupont D, Luyten J, Bloemen M, Verbiest T, Binnemans K. Acid-Stable Magnetic Core–Shell Nanoparticles for the Separation of Rare Earths. Ind Eng Chem Res. 2014;53(39):15222-9.
  12. Chen J, Park B. Effect of immunomagnetic bead size on recovery of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol. 2018;267:1-8.
  13. Ahmed S, Rubahn H-G, nter, Erdmann H. Development of an Immunomagnetic Separation Method for Viable Salmonella Typhimurium Detected by Flow Cytometry. Online J Biol Sci. 2016;16(4).
  14. Kumar S, Balakrishna K, Batra HV. Enrichment-ELISA for Detection of Salmonella typhi From Food and Water Samples. Biomed Environ Sci. 2008;21(2):137-43.
  15. Mansfield LP, Forsythe SJ. The detection of Salmonella using a combined immunomagnetic separation and ELISA end-detection procedure. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2000;31(4):279-83.
  16. Taha EG, Mohamed A, Srivastava K, Reddy P. Rapid detection of Salmonella in chicken meat using immunomagnetic separation, CHROMagar, ELISA and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Int J Poult Sci. 2010;9(831):e835.
  17. Bang J, Shukla S, Kim YH, Kim M. Development of indirect competitive ELISA for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium. Rom Biotechnol Lett. 2012;17:7194-204.
  18. Barlen B, Mazumdar SD, Lezrich O, Kämpfer P, Keusgen M. Detection of Salmonella by Surface Plasmon Resonance. Biosensors. 2007;7(8):1427-46.
  19. Wang W, Liu L, Song S, Tang L, Kuang H, Xu C. A highly sensitive ELISA and immunochromatographic strip for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium in milk samples. Sensors (Basel). 2015;15(3):5281-92.
  20. Ding T, Suo Y, Zhang Z, Liu D, Ye X, Chen S, et al. A Multiplex RT-PCR Assay for S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and Salmonella spp. Detection in Raw Milk with Pre-enrichment. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:989.
  21. Rastegar H, Ashtiani HA, Andalibi M, Nehshabouri SH, Akbari M, Rassam H, et al., editors. Detection, isolation and assessment of Salmonella entiritidis in milk by conventional culture methods and real-time PCR in Iran. 2013.
  22. Lynch MJ, Leon-Velarde CG, McEwen S, Odumeru JA. Evaluation of an automated immunomagnetic separation method for the rapid detection of Salmonella species in poultry environmental samples. J Microbiol Methods. 2004;58(2):285-8.
  23. Yang X, Li H, Wu Q, Zhang J, Chen L. Comparison of Direct Culture, Immunomagnetic Separation/culture, and Multiplex PCR Methods for Detection of Salmonella in Food. Food Sci Technol Res. 2015;21(5):671-5.
  24. Wang J, Li Y, Chen J, Hua D, Li Y, Deng H, et al. Rapid detection of food-borne Salmonella contamination using IMBs-qPCR method based on pagC gene. Braz J Microbiol. 2018;49(2):320-8.
  1. Brandao D, Liebana S, Campoy S, Alegret S, Isabel Pividori M. Immunomagnetic separation of Salmonella with tailored magnetic micro and nanocarriers. A comparative study. Talanta. 2015;143:198-204.
  2. Srisa-Art M, Boehle KE, Geiss BJ, Henry CS. Highly Sensitive Detection of Salmonella typhimurium Using a Colorimetric Paper-Based Analytical Device Coupled with Immunomagnetic Separation. Anal Chem. 2018;90(1):1035-43.
  3. Bai Y, Cui Y, Suo Y, Shi C, Wang D, Shi X. A Rapid Method for Detection of Salmonella in Milk Based on Extraction of mRNA Using Magnetic Capture Probes and RT-qPCR. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:770.
  1. Wang M, Zhang Y, Tian F, Liu X, Du S, Ren G. Overview of Rapid Detection Methods for Salmonella in Foods: Progress and Challenges. Foods. 2021;10(10).
  2. Jalali H, Mozaffari Nejad AS, Ebadi AG, Laey G. Ethnobotany and Folk Pharmaceutical Properties of Major Trees or Shrubs in Northeast of Iran. Asian J Chem. 2009;21:5632-8.
Archives of Razi Institute
Volume 77, Issue 5 - Serial Number 5
September and October 2022
Pages 1601-1609

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics