Biological Activity of Extract Solanum nigrum on some Biological Aspects of the Blue Fly Chrysomya albiceps (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

Document Type : Original Articles

Author

Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq

Abstract

The current research evaluated the efficiency of alcoholic and alkaloid extracts of the leaves and fruits of the Solanum nigrum and investigated their effectiveness against the immature stages of the blue fly with 24-hour age at concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/ml at the temperature of 30±1°C and relative humidity of 60±5%. It was revealed that the alcoholic extract of the fruits had the highest effect on killing the eggs of blue fly at all concentrations; accordingly, the death rates were estimated at 89.11% and 42.43% at the concentrations of 5 and 20 mg/ml, respectively, compared to that in the control, accounting for 9.27% mortality. It was also found that the alkaloid extract of the leaves of the plant outperformed in recording the highest rates of killing the eggs of blue fly, with death rates of 88.83% and 31.14% in the concentrations of 5 and 20 mg/ml, compared to the control group, amounting to 10.40%. Regarding the larval stages, the first stage was more sensitive than the other larval stages to all extracts of leaves and fruits of the plant. The highest mortality rates of the three larval stages were achieved by using the alcoholic extract of the fruits with the highest concentration of 20 mg/ml, compared to the alcoholic extract of the leaves; accordingly, the death rates of the third larval stage reached the highest rates of 57.11%, 68.20%, and 88.69% for the alcoholic extract of fruits and 53.19%, 68.64%, and 89.11% for that of leaves. The recorded data showed that the alkaloid extract of the S. nigrum leaves led to the highest mortality rates, compared to the alkaloid extract of the fruits, for all larval instars and at all concentrations. The mortality rates of the third larval stage with the highest concentration were 58.13% and 67.64%, respectively. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the chemical compounds in the alcoholic and alkaloid extracts of the leaves and fruits showed the presence of chemical compounds of varying numbers. The numbers of chemical compounds in the alcoholic extract of the leaves and fruits were 10 and 9, respectively, while it reached 17 and 23 for the alkaloid extract of the leaves and fruits of the plant, respectively.

Keywords

References

  1. Brownstein J, Hett E, O’Neill SL. The potential of virulent Wolbachia to modulate disease transmission by insects. J Invertebr Pathol. 2003;84(1):24-9.
  2. Ntalli N, Menkissoglu-Spiroudi U. Pesticides of Botanical Origin: a Promising Tool in Plant Protection. 2011.
  3. Zhang J, Huang W, Yuan C, Lu Y, Yang B, Wang C-Y, et al. Prophenoloxidase-mediated ex vivo immunity to delay fungal infection after insect ecdysis. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1445.
  4. Al-Snafi AE. Traditional uses of Iraqi medicinal plants. IOSR J Pharm. 2018;8(8):32-96.
  1. Ladd Jr T, Jacobson M, Buriff C. Japanese beetles: extracts from neem tree seeds as feeding deterrents. J Econ Entomol. 1978;71(5):810-3.
  2. Harborne J. Methods of plant analysis. Phytochemical methods: Springer; 1984. p. 1-36.
  3. Abbott WS. A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 1925;18(2):265-7.
  4. Annon MR. The effect of extracts of some Organic solvents and crude secondary compounds for some plants in the loss of roles Allatraqueme immature to Musca domestica L.(Diptera: Muscidae). Al-Qadisiyah J Pure Sci. 2017;22(3):216-40.
  5. Al-Zubaidi ESJ. The effect of extracts alkaloids, phenols and terpenoids of Albizzia lebbeck (L.) Benth. On the biological performance of house fly Musca domestica L.(Diptera: Muscidae). Diptera: Muscidae) Baghdad University College of Science. 2010.
  6. Alhuraysi A, Elsheikh TM, Abu El-Ghiet UM. The Insecticidal Activity of Artemisia absinthium leaves Extracts Against Blowfly, Chrysomya albiceps (Calliphoridae). Egypt Acad J Biol Sci. 2021;13(1):115-27.
  7. Wigglesworth VB. The principles of insect physiology: Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.
  8. Kristensen M, Jespersen JB. Larvicide resistance in Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in Denmark and establishment of resistant laboratory strains. J Econ Entomol. 2003;96(4):1300-6.
  9. Falodun A, Siraj R, Choudhary MI. GC-MS analysis of insecticidal leaf essential oil of Pyrenacantha staudtii Hutch and Dalz (Icacinaceae). Trop J Pharm Res. 2009;8(2).
  10. Ramos-López M, González-Chávez M, Cárdenas-Orteg N, Zavala-Sánchez M. Activity of the main fatty acid components of the hexane leaf extract of Ricinus communis against Spodoptera frugiperda. Afr J Biotechnol. 2012;11(18):4274-8.
  11. Thenmozhi S, Rajan S. GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds in Psidium guajava leaves. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2015;3(5):162-6.

16.          Zhang H, Chen G, Lü S, Zhang L, Guo M. Insecticidal activities against Odontotermes formosanus and Plutella xylostella and corresponding constituents of tung meal from Vernicia fordii. Insects. 2021;12(5):425. 

Archives of Razi Institute
Volume 77, Issue 3 - Serial Number 3
May and June 2022
Pages 1157-1164

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics