ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Cloning and Expression of Com1 and OmpH Genes of Coxiella burnetii in Periplasmic Compartment of Escherichia coli with the Aim of Recombinant Subunit Vaccine Production
Coxiella burnetiiis an obligate and gram-negative bacteria causing query fever (Q fever) disease, despite the importance of Q fever, there is no universal vaccine against this disease. Therefore, application of the recombinant subunit vaccines which use Com1 and OmpH as immunogenic proteins can be useful in this regard. To perform the current project, Com1 and OmpH genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, then, the PCR products were purified by DNA precipitation technique. In order to clone, first, both genes along with the pET-22b(+) vector were digested by NcoI and XhoI enzymes and then, Com1 and OmpH genes were ligated in linear vectors by T4 DNA ligase. The recombinant vectors were transformed in BL21 (DE3) strain of Escherichia coli and expression was induced by 1 mM Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside. Expression of Com1 and OmpH was investigated using 12% Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Finally, both proteins were purified by Ni-NTA columns and consequently confirmed by western blotting. The results of assessing 1% agarose gel showed that PCR amplification, DNA precipitation, and digestion of both genes were successfully performed.Theresults of colony PCRs and sequencing revealed that Com1 and OmpH were correctly cloned in pET-22b(+) vector. Finally, the results of expression, purification, and western blotting of both proteins showed thatBL21 (DE3) strain of Escherichia colicould be able to express Com1 and OmpH proteins. Based on the collected data, it seems that Escherichia coli as an affordable and simple host can be applied to express Com1 and OmpH genes. It should be mentioned that products of the present project can be examined as recombinant subunit vaccines against Q fever.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120197_e470f4f2647e67245acbe3a34c52e6f3.pdf
2019-12-01
341
347
10.22092/ari.2018.122911.1233
Coxiella burnetii
Com1
ompH
E.coli
subunit vaccine
H.
Bakhteyari
hanieh.bakhteyari74@gmail.com
1
Department of pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
AUTHOR
R.
Jahangiri
ranajahan1234@gmail.com
2
Department of pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
AUTHOR
N.
Nazifi
narges.nazifi@gmail.com
3
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Kakanezhadifard
a.kakanezhadi@gmail.com
4
Department of pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
AUTHOR
Z.
Soleimani
zahra.12soleimani@gmail.com
5
Department of pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Forouharmehr
forouharmehr.a@lu.ac.ir
6
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Azadi Chegeni
azadi.shiva1990@gmail.com
7
Department of pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Jaydari
jaydari.a@lu.ac.ir
8
Department of pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Anderson, A., Bijlmer, H., Fournier, P.-E., Graves, S., Hartzell, J., Kersh, G.J., et al., 2013. Diagnosis and management of Q fever—United States, 2013: recommendations from CDC and the Q Fever Working Group. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 62, 1-29.
1
Derrick, E., 1937. "Q" Fever, a New Fever Entity: Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Laboratory Investigation. Med J Aust 2, 281-299.
2
Eldin, C., Mélenotte, C., Mediannikov, O., Ghigo, E., Million, M., Edouard, S., et al., 2017. From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev 30, 115-190.
3
Forouharmehr, A., Nassiri, M., Ghovvati, S., Javadmanesh, A., 2018. Evaluation of different signal peptides for secretory production of recombinant bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A in Gram negative bacterial system: an in silico study. Curr Proteomics 15, 24-33.
4
Ghafari, F., Kheirandish, F., Kazemi, B., Ghafari, M.D., Bandehpour, M., 2013. Expression of recombinant human serum albumin in E.coli (BL21). New Cell Mol Biotech J 3, 61-66.
5
Glazunova, O., Roux, V., Freylikman, O., Sekeyova, Z., Fournous, G., Tyczka, J., et al., 2005. Coxiella burnetii genotyping. Emerg Infect Dis 11, 1211-1217.
6
Hansson, M., Sta, S., 2000. Design and production of recombinant subunit vaccines. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 32, 95-107.
7
Hendrix, L., Samuel, J., Mallavia, L., 1990. Identification and cloning of a 27‐kDa Coxiella burnetii immunoreactive protein. Ann NY Acad Sci 590, 534-540.
8
Jahandar, M.H., Forouharmehr, A., 2019. Optimization of Human Serum Albumin Periplasmic Localization in Escherichia coli Using In Silico Evaluation of Different Signal Peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 25, 635-643.
9
Kristensen, K., Gyhrs, A., Lausen, B., Barington, T., Heilmann, C., 1996. Antibody response to Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus toxoid in preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 15, 525-529.
10
Lo, R.Y., 1987. The development of subunit and synthetic vaccines using recombinant DNA technology. Biotechnol Adv 5, 235-256.
11
Nazifi, N., Tahmoorespur, M., Sekhavati, M.H., Haghparast Mohammad, A., Behroozikhah A., 2018. Engineering, Cloning and Expression of DNA Sequence Coding of OMP31 Epitope of Brucella melitensis linked to IL-2 in Escherichia coli. Int J Infect 5, e68974.
12
Parker, N.R., Barralet, J.H., Bell, A.M., 2006. Q fever. Lancet 367, 679-688.
13
Seshadri, R., Paulsen, I.T., Eisen, J.A., Read, T.D., Nelson, K.E., Nelson, W.C., et al., 2003. Complete genome sequence of the Q-fever pathogen Coxiella burnetii. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100, 5455-5460.
14
Soler, E., Houdebine, L.M., 2007. Preparation of recombinant vaccines. Biotechnol Ann Rev 13, 65-94.
15
Xiong, X., Wang, X., Wen, B., Graves, S., Stenos, J., 2012. Potential serodiagnostic markers for Q fever identified in Coxiella burnetii by immunoproteomic and protein microarray approaches. BMC Microbiol 12, 35.
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Molecular Detection of Gamma Coronaviruses in Bird Parks of Iran
Gamma Coronaviruses (GCoVs) are distributed worldwide, affecting a wide range of bird species, the beluga whale, and bottlenose dolphins. Because of the limited proofreading capability in the viral encoded polymerase, they emerge genetically diverse. There has been no molecular surveillance data to describe the epidemiology of GCOVs in avian species. The present study was conducted to detect GCOVs in Tehran birds’ parks, 2015. Cloacal swabs (267 samples) from eight different bird species ((Chickens (Gallus gallus), Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), Partridge (Perdix perdix), Quail (Coturnix coturnix), Duck (Anas platyrhynchos), Goose (Anserini),and Guinea fowl (Numididae)) were collected, the viral RNA was extracted, the RT-PCR was performed using QIAGEN one step RT-PCR kit and the primers targeting “3'-UTR” and “Nucleocapsid” genes. The detection rate was approximately 8.99%. GCOVs were detected in the chicken, quail, pheasant, turkey, and the partridge with different prevalence rates. Phylogenetic tree based on partial nucleotide sequences of the N gene clustered the samples into two groups. It is the first report of GCOVs in non-commercial birds in Iran. According to our results, GCOVs are circulating in different avian species, and further studies are needed to isolate these viruses and evaluate their pathogenesis.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120191_c6fae8a431f025b13db442d5fbc00516.pdf
2019-12-01
349
355
10.22092/ari.2018.116786.1176
Gamma coronavirus
molecular detection
Bird Parks
Iran
Phylogenetic analysis
H.
Yaghoubi
kamran.nazemi@gmail.com
1
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Ghalyanchilangeroudi
arashghalyanchi@gmail.com
2
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Vahid
Karimi
vkarimi@ut.ac.ir
3
Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
S. A.
Ghafouri
s_ali_ghafouri@yahoo.com
4
Department of clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Hashemzadeh
hashemzadehma@gmail.com
5
Department of Poultry Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
H.
Hosseini
hosseini.ho@gmail.com
6
Department of Poultry Diseases, Islamic Azad University, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
M. H.
Fallah
mhf2480@yahoo.com
7
Department of Poultry Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
F.
Sadat Mousavi
fatememousavi7715@gmail.com
8
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
H.
Najafi
hamideh.najafi.1988@gmail.com
9
Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Cavanagh, D., Mawditt, K., Welchman, D.d.B., Britton, P., Gough, R., 2002. Coronaviruses from pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) are genetically closely related to coronaviruses of domestic fowl (infectious bronchitis virus) and turkeys. Avian pathol 31, 81-93.
1
Chen, G.Q., Zhuang, Q.Y., Wang, K.C., Liu, S., Shao, J.Z., Jiang, W.M., et al., 2013. Identification and survey of a novel avian coronavirus in ducks. PloS One 8, e72918..
2
Chu, D.K., Leung, C.Y., Gilbert, M., Joyner, P.H., Ng, E.M., Tsemay, M.T., et al., 2011. Avian coronavirus in wild aquatic birds. J Virol 85, 12815-12820.
3
Circella, E., Camarda, A., Martella, V., Bruni, G., Lavazza, A., Buonavoglia, C., 2007. Coronavirus associated with an enteric syndrome on a quail farm. Avian Pathol 36, 251-258.
4
Domanska-Blicharz, K., Jacukowicz, A., Lisowska, A., Wyrostek, K., Minta, Z., 2014. Detection and molecular characterization of infectious bronchitis-like viruses in wild bird populations. Avian Pathol 43, 406-413.
5
Dong, B., Liu, W., Fan, X., Vijaykrishna, D., Tang, X., Gao, F., et al., 2007. Detection of a novel and highly divergent coronavirus from Asian leopard cats and Chinese ferret badgers in Southern China. J Virol 81, 6920-6926.
6
Duraes-Carvalho, R., Caserta, L.C., Barnabé, A.C., Martini, M.C., Simas, P.V., Santos, M.M., et al., 2015. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic mapping of the avian coronavirus spike protein-encoding gene in wild and synanthropic birds. Virus Res 201, 101-112.
7
Guihong, Z., Jiadong, F., Tao, R., Weisheng, C., Kaijiang, L., Chenggang, X., et al., 2006. Isolation and identification of a novel coronavirus from wild bird. Prog Nat Sci 16, 1275-1280.
8
Hughes, L.A., Savage, C., Naylor, C., Bennett, M., Chantrey, J., Jones, R., 2009. Genetically diverse coronaviruses in wild bird populations of northern England. Emerg Infect Dis 15, 1091-1094.
9
Jordan, B.J., Hilt, D.A., Poulson, R., Stallknecht, D.E., Jackwood, M.W., 2015. Identification of Avian Coronavirus in Wild Aquatic Birds of the Central and Eastern USA. J Wildl Dis 51, 218-221.
10
Liu, S., Chen, J., Chen, J., Kong, X., Shao, Y., Han, Z., et al., 2005. Isolation of avian infectious bronchitis coronavirus from domestic peafowl (Pavo cristatus) and teal (Anas). J Gen Virol 86, 719-725.
11
Mihindukulasuriya, K.A., Wu, G., Leger, J.S., Nordhausen, R.W., Wang, D., 2008. Identification of a novel coronavirus from a beluga whale by using a panviral microarray. J Virol 82, 5084-5088.
12
Muradrasoli, S., Mohamed, N., Hornyák, Á., Fohlman, J., Olsen, B., Belák, S., et al., 2009. Broadly targeted multiprobe QPCR for detection of coronaviruses: Coronavirus is common among mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). J Virol Methods 159, 277-287.
13
Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M., Kumar, S., 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol 28, 2731-2739.
14
Torres Alejo, C., Hora, A., Tonietti, P., Taniwaki, S., Cecchinato, M., Villarreal Buitrago, L., et al., 2016. Gamma and Deltacoronavirus in quail. Avian Dis 60, 656-661.
15
Torres, C., Listorti, V., Lupini, C., Franzo, G., Drigo, M., Catelli, E., et al., 2016. Gamma and Deltacoronaviruses in quail and pheasants from Northern Italy. Poult Sci, 96, 717-722.
16
Torres, C., Villarreal, L., Ayres, G., Richtzenhain, L., Brandão, P., 2013. An avian coronavirus in quail with respiratory and reproductive signs. Avian Dis 57, 295-299.
17
Wickramasinghe, I.A., de Vries, R., Weerts, E., van Beurden, S., Peng, W., McBride, R., et al., 2015. Novel Receptor Specificity of Avian Gammacoronaviruses That Cause Enteritis. J Virol 89, 8783-8792.
18
Wille, M., Muradrasoli, S., Nilsson, A., Järhult, J.D., 2016. High Prevalence and Putative Lineage Maintenance of Avian Coronaviruses in Scandinavian Waterfowl. PloS one 11, e0150198.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Efficacy of CpG-ODN Administration Routes on Humoral Responses against Newcastle disease in Broilers
Un-methylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) has been considered as a powerful vaccine adjuvant and recognition of CpG-ODN by chicken leukocytes promotes their ability to fight against infections. In our study, efficacy of different routes of CpG-ODN application as an adjuvant on immune responses (antibody titer together with leukogram) following vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) has been evaluated in broiler chickens (Ross-308). The results indicated that routes of CpG-ODN administration influence immune responses and comparison effectiveness of CpG-OND delivery routes showed that group vaccinated by eye-drop application had the highest antibody titer than that of the group injected intramuscularly (im) and the difference was significant (p = 0.04) on day 35 of age. Antibody titer of the group treated with Clone 30 plus CpG-ODN via eye-drop route was higher than that of the group vaccinated with clone 30 alone on days 28 and 35 of age and the difference was significant (p = 0.04). Co-administration of both vaccine and CpG improved outcome of leukogram of the chickens on days 21 to 42 of age and among the treated groups, WBC of the group received both vaccine and CpG by eye-drop route significantly (p < 0.05) differed from that of the group vaccinated with clone 30 alone on days 28 and 35 but not on day 42 of age. Average final body weight of the control group did not significantly differ from those of the treated groups at end of the experiment. In conclusion, co-administration of ND vaccine plus CpG-ODN via eye-drop route improves immune responses.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120192_0c0a75d32af904a75422e82f7552835b.pdf
2019-12-01
357
364
10.22092/ari.2018.120544.1196
CpG
Antibody titer
ND
broilers
Vaccine administration route
A.
Talebi
a.talebi@urmia.ac.ir
1
Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
S.
Arky-rezai
s_arkirezaee@yahoo.com
2
Graduated, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Alcorn, M., 2008. How to carry out a field investigation, in: Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J.M., Alexander, D.J. (Eds.), Poultry Diseases 6th ed. Elsevier, London, pp.14-47.
1
Ameiss, K.A., El-Attrache, J., Brewer, A., McElroy, A.P., Caldwell, D.J., 2006. Influence of orally administered CpG-ODNs on the humoral response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in chickens. Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol. 110(3-4), 257-267.
2
Azmi, F., Ahmad Fuaad, A.A.H., Skwarczynski, M., Toth, I., 2014. Recent progress in adjuvant discovery for peptide-based subunit vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 10(3), 778-796, DOI: 10.4161/hv.27332.
3
Barr, A., 2004. Effects of Cytosine-phosphate-Guanosine Oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) on vaccination and immunization of neonatal chickens. MS thesis, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA.
4
Bode, C., Zhao, G., Steinhagen, F., Kinjo, T., Klinman, D.M., 2011. CpG DNA as a vaccine adjuvant. Expert Rev.Vaccines 10(4), 499–511.
5
Campbell, T.W., 1992. Avian Hematology and Cytology. 1st ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, USA.
6
Chrzastek, K., Borowska, D., Kaiser, P., Vervelde, L., 2014. Class B CpG ODN stimulation upregulates expression of TLR21 and IFN-γ in chicken Harderian gland cells. Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol. 160(3-4), 293-299.
7
Collett, S.R., 2013. Principal of disease prevention, diagnosis and control introduction, In: Swayne, D.E. (Editor-in-Chief). Diseases of Poultry 13thed. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 4-40.
8
Dimitrov, K.M., Afonso, C.L., Yu, Q., Miller, P.J., 2017. Newcastle disease vaccines—A solved problem or a continuous challenge? Vet.Microbiol. 206, 126–136.
9
El-Tayeb, G.A., El-Ttegani, M.Y., Hajer, I.E.,Mohammed, M.A., 2013. The immuneresponse of maternally immune chicks to vaccination with Newcastle disease virus. Bull.Anim.Health.Prod.Afr. 61(4), 603-612.
10
Fu, J., Liang, J., Kang, H., Lin, J., Yu, Q., Yang, Q., 2013. Effects of different CpG oligodeoxynucleotides with inactivated avian H5N1 influenza virus on mucosal immunity of chickens. Poult.Sci. 92(11), 2866-2875.
11
Gomis, S., Babiuk, L., Godson, D.L, Allan, B., Thrush, T., Townsend, H., et al., 2003. Protection of chickens against Escherichia coli infections by DNA containing CpG motifs. Infec.Immun. 71(2), 857-863.
12
Gunawardana, T., Foldvari, M., Zachar, T., Popowich, S., Chow-Lockerbie, B., Vaneva Ivanova, M., et al., 2015. Protection of neonatal broiler chickens following in ovo delivery of oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs formulated with carbon nanotubes or liposomes. Avian Dis. 59(1), 31-37.
13
Gupta, S.K., Bajwa, P., Deb, R., Chellappa, M.M., Dey, S., 2014. Flagellin a toll-like receptor-5 agonist as an adjuvant in chicken vaccines. Clin.Vaccine.Immunol. 21(3), 261-270.
14
Hartley, C., Salisbury, A.M., Wigley, P., 2012. CpG oligdeoxyonucleotides and recombinant interferon-γ in combination improve protection in chickens to Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis challenge as an adjuvant component, but have no effect in reducing Salmonella carriage in infected chickens. Avian Path. 41(1), 77-82.
15
Huang, C.F., Wang, C.C., Wu, T.C., Chu, C.H., Peng, H.J., 2007. Effect of sublingual administration with a native or denatured protein allergen and adjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotides or cholera toxin on systemic Th2 immune responses and mucosal immunity in mice. Ann.Allerg.Asthma.Immunol. 99(5), 443-452.
16
Jacobs, E.B., Owoade, A.A., Oyekunle, M.A., Talebi, A.O., Oni, O.O.,2014. Evaluation of maternally-derived antibodies against newcastle disease virus in day-old chicks in abeokuta, ogun state. J.Agric.Sci.Env. 14(1), 118-123.
17
Linghua, Z., Xingshan, T., Frengzhen, Z., 2007. Vaccination with Newcastle disease vaccine and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides inducesspecific immunity and protection against Newcastle disease virus in SPF chicken. Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol. 115 (3-4), 216-222.
18
Miller, P.J., Koch, G., 2013. Newcastle disease, in: Swayne, D.E. (Editor-in-Chief), Diseases of Poultry, 13th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 89-107.
19
Mena, A., Nichani, A.K., Popowych, Y., Godson, D.L., Dent, D., Townsend, H.G., et al., 2003. Innate immune responses induced by CpG oligodeoxyribonucleotide stimulation of ovine blood mononuclear cells. Immunol. 110(2), 250–257.
20
Mount, A., Koering, S., Silva, A., Drane, D., Maraskovsky, E., Morelli, A.B., 2013. Combination of adjuvants: The future of vaccine design. Exper. Rev. Vaccines. 12(7), 733-746.
21
Scheiermann, J., Klinman, D.K., 2014. Clinical evaluation of CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer. Vaccine. 32(48), 6377–6389. Doi:10.1016/j.
22
St Paul, M., Barjesteh, N., Brisbin, J.T., Villaneueva, A.I., Read, L.R., Hodgins, D., et al., 2014. Effects of ligands for Toll-like receptors 3, 4, and 21 as adjuvants on the immunogenicity of an avian influenza vaccine in chickens. Viral Immunol. 27(4), 167-173.
23
U-Taynapun, K., Chirapongsatonkul, N., Itami, T., Tantikitti, C., 2016. CpG ODN mimicking CpG rich region of myxosporean Myxobolus supamattayai stimulates innate immunity in Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) and defense against Streptococcus iniae. Fish Shellfish Immunol.58(Nov), 116-124.
24
Völlmer, J., Weeratnam, R., Payette, P., Jurk, M., Schetter, C., Laucht, M., Wader, T., Tluk, S., Liu, M., Davis, H.L., Krieg, A.M., 2004. Characterization of three CpG oligodeoxynucleotide classes with distinct immunostimulatory activities. Eur.J.Immunol. 34(1), 251-262.
25
Walberg, J., 2001. White blood cell counting techniques in birds. Seminars in Avian and Pet Medicine. 10(2): 72-76.
26
Yu, C., An, M., Li, M., Liu, H., 2017. Immunostimulatory properties of lipid modified CpG Oligonucleotides. Mol.Pharm. 14(8), 2815-2823. doi: 10.1021/acs.
27
Xie, H., Raybourne, R.B., Babu, U.S., Lillehoj, H.S., Heckert, R.A., 2003. CpG-induced immunomodulation and intracellular bacterialkilling in a chicken macrophage cell line. Dev.Comp.Immunol. 27 (9), 823–834.
28
Zhang, L., Tian, X., Zhou, F., 2007. Intranasal administration of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides induces mucosal and systemic Type 1 immune responses and adjuvant activity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome killed virus vaccine in piglets in vivo. Int.Immunopharmacol. 7(13), 1732–1740.
29
Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Li, J., Cao, T., Tian, X., Zhou, F., 2008. Enhancement of mucosal immune responses by intranasal co-delivery of Newcastle disease vaccine plus CpG oligodeoxynucleotide in SPF chickens in vivo. Res.Vet.Sci. 85(3), 495-502.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Seroprevalence Investigation of Newcastle Disease in Rural Poultries of the Northern Provinces (Golestan, Gilan, and Mazandaran) of Iran
Rural poultry farming is common in the Northern provinces. Similar to commercial poultry, rural poultry is susceptible to most infectious diseases. In addition, by increasing the density of poultry farming, the probability of disease incidences has been increased. Newcastle disease is the most highly infectious disease which is endemic in Iran and causes outbreaks among commercial and rural poultry every year. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and virus circulation of Newcastle disease among rural poultry in Northern provinces of Iran. In the current study, 70 villages in 3 provinces (20, 30, and 20 villages in Mazandaran, Golestan, and Gilan, respectively) and a total of 1,374 birds (600, 400, and 374 birds in Mazandaran, Golestan, and Gilan, respectively) were sampled. Each village was regarded as an epidemiological unit. In the present study, birds of 67 (96%) villages were positive (presence of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus), including 28 (93.3%), 19 (95%), and 20 (100%) villages in Golestan, Mazandaran, and Gilan, respectively. Moreover, out of 1,374 birds, 616 (45%) of them were seropositive against Newcastle disease virus with 242 (41%), 159 (39.8%), and 211 (56%) samples in Mazandaran, Golestan, and Gilan, respectively. According to the results of the current study, the seroprevalence rate was reported to be high in both villages and birds. Such a high seroprevalence rate was indicative of the continuous exposure of the rural poultry to Newcastle virus and high virus circulation rate in the mentioned provinces which could result in the dissemination of the disease to commercial farms. Consequently, the implementation of proper control and care programs (e.g., vaccination of native poultry) can facilitate the reduction of Newcastle disease prevalence.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120190_a4840bb0dbeaf716cb0729fe5f2b36d9.pdf
2019-12-01
365
373
10.22092/ari.2017.116669.1175
Seroprevalence
Newcastle disease
Poultry
Northern provinces
HI
A.
Alemian
abbasalemian@yahoo.com
1
Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
S. A.
Pourbakhsh
a.pourbakhsh@srbiau.ac.ir
2
Department of poultry Research and Diagnosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Shoushtari
hamid1342ir@yahoo.com
3
Department of poultry Research and Diagnosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
H.
Keyvanfar
h-keyvanfar@srbiau.ac.ir
4
Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Iran's Provinces Atlas of Astronomy, Maps, Tehran: 2004.
1
Waterfalls of Iran, Majid Eskandari, Iranshenasi Publications, 2010.
2
Abraham-O. J., Sulaiman, L. K., Meseko, C. A., Ismail, S., Ahmed, S. J., Suleiman, I.3 and Jagboro, S. T., 2014. Seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus in local chicken in UduLocal Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria .Int.J.Adv.Agric.Res.IJAAR2 (2014)121-125.
3
Alexander, D.J., Senne, D.A. (2008). Newcastle disease. In: Diseases of Poultry. Saif, Y.M., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., Mcdougald, L.R., Nolan, L.K. and Swayne, D.E. 12th ed. Blackwell Publishing Professional. Ames, Iowa, USA, PP 75-100.
4
Alexander, D.J., Jones, R.C. (2007). Paramyxoviridae. In: Poultry Diseases. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J. and Alexander, D.J. 6th ed. Saunders, PP: 294-316.
5
Alexander,D.J.,2003.NewcastleDisease.11thEdn.OtherParamyxovirusesandPnemovirusInfections.In:Saif,Y.M.,H.J.Barnes,J.R.Glisson,A.M.Fadly,D.J.McDougald and D.E.Swayne(Eds).Diseases of Poultry.Iowa State Press,Ames,pp:63-100.ISBN:0-8138-0423-x.
6
Allan WH and Gough RE (1974). A standard HI test for Newcastle disease: A comparison of macro and micro methods. Veterinary Record. 95: 120-123.
7
Alexander, D.J., Senne, D.A. (2008). A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Avian Pathogens. 5th ed. American Association of Avian Pathologists, PP: 135-141.
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Awan, M., J. Otte and A. D. James, 1994. The epidemiology of Newcastle disease in rural poultry: a review. Avian Path., 23: 405-423.
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Beard, C.W., and Wilkes, W.J (1985). A Comparison of Newcastle Disease Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test Results from Diagnostic Laboratories in the Southeastern United States Avian Diseases Vol. 29, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1985), pp. 1048-1056
10
Bwala, D.G. (2009). Challenge studies in chickens to evaluate the efficacy of commercial Newcastle disease vaccines against the strains of Newcastle disease virus prevalent in South Africa since 2002. Thesis of Master of Science. Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria.
11
Courtecuisse, C., F. Japiot, N. Bloch and I. Diallo, 1990. Serological survey on Newcastle and gumboro diseases, pasteurellosis and pullorosis in local hens in Niger. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays. Trop., 43: 27-29.
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Gohm, D., E. Schelling, L. Audige and B. Thur, 1999. Newcastle disease-seroepidemiologic study of a highly contagious epizootic in poultry and in wild birds in Switzerland. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 141: 549-558.
13
Gutierrez-Ruiz, E.J., G.T. Ramirez-Cruz, E.I. Camara Gamboa, D.J. Alexander and R.E. Gough, 2000. A serological survey for avian infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus antibodies in backyard (free-range) village chickens in Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 32: 381-390.
14
Hadipour, M.M. 2009. A serological survey for Newcastle disease virus antibodies in backyard chicke ns around Maharlou Lake in Iran,Journal of Anim al and Veterinary Advances , 8: 59-61.
15
Hugh-Jones, M., W.H. Allan, F.A. Dark and G.J. Harper, 1973. The evidence for the airborne spread of Newcastle disease. J. Hyg. Camb, 71: 325-339.
16
Ichiro. Y., Mozaffor Hossain. K. M., Yamin. A., 2010. Antibody Levels against Newcastle Disease Virus in Chickens in Rajshahi and Surrounding Districts of Bangladesh .International Journal of Biology., Vol. 2, No. 2; July 2010.pp.102-106.
17
Kashem MA, et al (2011). Determination of serum antibody titres and immune status of layer flocks against Newcastle Disease virus at Chittagong district of Bangladesh. International Journal of Natural Sciences (2011), 1(2):35-38.
18
Khan, M.Y. Arshad, M. Mahmood, M.S, 2011. Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease in Rural Poultry in Faisalabad, Pakistan: International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 13(4):491-497
19
OIE (Office International des Epizooties) (2009). Newcastle Disease In: Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, Chapter 2.3.14: 576-589.
20
Maminiaina, O.F., M. Koko, J. Ravaomanana and S.J. Rakotonindrina, 2007. Epidemiology of Newcastle disease in village poultry farming in Madagascar. Rev. Sci. Technol., 26: 691-700.
21
Numan M, Zahoor MA, Khan, HA and Siddque M (2005). Serological status of Newcastle disease in broilers and layers in Faisalabad and surrounding districts. Pakistan Vet. J. 25(2): 55-58.
22
Onapa, O.M., H. Christensen, G.M. Mukiibi and M. Bisgaard, 2006. A preliminary study of the role of ducks in the transmission of Newcastle disease virus to in-contact rural free-range chickens. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 38: 285-289.
23
Rezaeianzadeh,G., H. Dadras,A. S.Maken Ali,and M.Nazemshirazi.2011.Serological and molecular study of Newcastle disease virus circulating in village chickens of Fars province, Iran.Journal of VeterinaryMedicine and Animal Health,3:105-111.
24
Salihu,A.E. , Chukwuedo, A.A., Echeonwu.G.O.N., et al., “Seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus infection in rural household birds in Lafia, Akwanga and Keffi Metropolis, Nasarawa State Nigeria,” International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 109–112, 2012. View at Google Scholar
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26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Identification of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria by Line Probe Assay and Determination of Drug Resistance Patterns of Isolates in Iranian Patients
The potentially pathogenic Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging nowadays which result in pulmonary and non-pulmonary infections in human. This group of bacteria consists of at least 200 different species. While the pulmonary disease is the most common form of NTM infections, NTM can cause diffused infections as well as extrapulmonary infections in every organ, such as bone marrow, skin, eye, and brain. The NTM cause tuberculosis-like infections, therefore, correct identification of these Mycobacteria is necessary to avoid faulty treatment. Different species of NTM isolates were identified from clinical specimens using phenotypic methods and Line Probe Assay. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration for selected antibiotics was obtained by the broth micro-dilution method. Totally, 42 NTM isolates were identified in this study. Moreover, the frequency of NTM between all positive mycobacterium cultures was estimated at 12%. The most common Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria included Mycolicibacterium fortuitum (30.9%), Mycobacterium abscessus (7.1%), and Mycobacterium chelonae (2.3%), whereas Mycobacterium simiae (40.4%), Mycobacterium kansasii (16.6%), and Mycobacterium avium complex (2.3%) were the most recurring among the Slowly Growing Mycobacteria. Amikacin, clarithromycin, and ciprofloxacin were the most effective antibiotics against isolated NTM. The NTM isolates are frequently being separated from Iranian patients, and are mostly resistant to the wide spectrum of antibiotics. Correct identification and determination of antibiotic susceptibility can be helpful in the healing process of the patients who suffer from non-tuberculosis mycobacterial infections.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120667_22df4ee80dd6aaea120fe557c570dabe.pdf
2019-12-01
375
384
10.22092/ari.2019.127144.1372
Drug Resistance Patterns
Line Probe Assay
Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria
Morteza
Karami-Zarandi
mkz.7052@yahoo.com
1
Departemant of Microbiology, School of Medicin, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Bahador
ab.bahador@gmail.com
2
Department of Microbiology, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Gizaw Feysia
seifugizaw@yahoo.com
3
Department of infectious Disease, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
J.
Kardan-Yamchi
jkardan666@yahoo.com
4
Department of Microbiology, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Hasan-nejad
m.hasannejad11@yahoo.com
5
Department of infectious Disease, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
H.
Vosough
hooman_voosough@yahoo.com
6
MD Pathologist, Nikan General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
N.
Mosavari
nmosavari@gmail.com
7
RReference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
M. M.
Feizabadi
mfeizabadi@tums.ac.ir
8
Department of Microbiology, School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Azadi, D., Motallebirad, T., Ghaffari, K., Shojaei, H., 2018. Mycobacteriosis and Tuberculosis: Laboratory Diagnosis. Open Microbiol J 12, 41-58.
1
Bakula, Z., Modrzejewska, M., Pennings, L., Proboszcz, M., Safianowska, A., Bielecki, J., et al., 2018. Drug Susceptibility Profiling and Genetic Determinants of Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium kansasii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62, 01788-17.
2
Busatto, C., Vianna, J.S., da Silva, L.V., Ramis, I.B., da Silva, P.E.A., 2019. Mycobacterium avium: an overview. Tuberculosis 114, 127-134.
3
Chavarro-Portillo, B., Soto, C.Y., Guerrero, M.I., 2019. Mycobacterium leprae’s evolution and environmental adaptation. Acta Tropica 197, 105041.
4
CLSI, 2011. Susceptibility testing of mycobacteria, Nocardiae, and other aerobic actinomycetes, M24-A2. Wayne, PA: Clinica and Laboratory Standards Institute.
5
Collins, L.F., Clement, M.E., Stout, J.E., 2017. Incidence, Long-Term Outcomes, and Healthcare Utilization of Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex From 1992–2015. Open Forum Infect Dis 4.
6
Cowman, S., Burns, K., Benson, S., Wilson, R., Loebinger, M.R., 2016. The antimicrobial susceptibility of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Jo Infect 72, 324-331.
7
Cowman, S.A., James, P., Wilson, R., Cookson, W.O.C., Moffatt, M.F., Loebinger, M.R., 2018. Profiling mycobacterial communities in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. PLoS One 13, e0208018.
8
Fedrizzi, T., Meehan, C.J., Grottola, A., Giacobazzi, E., Fregni Serpini, G., Tagliazucchi, S., et al., 2017. Genomic characterization of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Sci Rep 7, 45258.
9
Heidarieh, P., Mirsaeidi, M., Hashemzadeh, M., Feizabadi, M.M., Bostanabad, S.Z., Nobar, M.G., et al., 2016. In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Iran. Microb Drug Resist 22, 172-178.
10
Khosravi, A.D., Mirsaeidi, M., Farahani, A., Tabandeh, M.R., Mohajeri, P., Shoja, S., et al., 2018. Prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria and high efficacy of d-cycloserine and its synergistic effect with clarithromycin against Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium abscessus. Infect Drug Resist 11, 2521-2532.
11
Mahon, C.R., Lehman, D.C., Manuselis, G., 2011. Text book of diagnostic microbiology, Suenders Elsevier, Missouri.
12
Mäkinen, J., Marttila, H.J., Marjamäki, M., Viljanen, M.K., Soini, H., 2006. Comparison of Two Commercially Available DNA Line Probe Assays for Detection of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 44, 350-352.
13
Moghim, S., Sarikhani, E., Nasr Esfahani, B., Faghri, J., 2012. Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Species Isolated from Water Samples Using Phenotypic and Molecular Methods and Determination of their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns by E- Test Method, in Isfahan, Iran. Iran J Basic Med Sci 15, 1076-1082.
14
Nasiri, M.J., Dabiri, H., Fooladi, A.A.I., Amini, S., Hamzehloo, G., Feizabadi, M.M., 2018. High rates of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolation from patients with presumptive tuberculosis in Iran. New Microbes New Infect 21, 12-17.
15
Schiff, H.F., Jones, S., Achaiah, A., Pereira, A., Stait, G., Green, B., 2019. Clinical relevance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolated from respiratory specimens: seven year experience in a UK hospital. Sci Rep 9, 1730.
16
Shafipour, M., Ghane, M., Rahimi, S., Livani, S., Javid, N., Shakeri, F., et al., 2013. Non tuberculosis Mycobacteria isolated from tuberculosis patients in Golestan province, North of IRAN. Ann Biol Res 4, 133-137.
17
Shahraki, A.H., Heidarieh, P., Bostanabad, S.Z., Khosravi, A.D., Hashemzadeh, M., Khandan, S., et al., 2015. “Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis” may be nontuberculous mycobacteria. Eur J Intern Med 26, 279-284.
18
Spaulding, A.B., Lai, Y.L., Zelazny, A.M., Olivier, K.N., Kadri, S.S., Prevots, D.R., et al., 2017. Geographic Distribution of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Species Identified among Clinical Isolates in the United States, 2009–2013. Ann Am Thorac Soc 14, 1655-1661.
19
Swenson, C., Zerbe, C.S., Fennelly, K., 2018. Host Variability in NTM Disease: Implications for Research Needs. Fron Microbiol 9, 2901.
20
van Ingen, J., van der Laan, T., Dekhuijzen, R., Boeree, M., van Soolingen, D., 2010. In vitro drug susceptibility of 2275 clinical non-tuberculous Mycobacterium isolates of 49 species in The Netherlands. Int J Antimicrob Agents 35, 169-173.
21
Velayati, A.A., Farnia, P., Mozafari, M., Malekshahian, D., Seif, S., Rahideh, S., et al., 2014. Molecular epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolates from clinical and environmental sources of a metropolitan city. PLoS One 9, e114428.
22
Waak, M.B., LaPara, T.M., Hallé, C., Hozalski, R.M., 2019. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Two Drinking Water Distribution Systems and the Role of Residual Disinfection. Environ Sci Technol 53, 8563-8573.
23
Welch, K., Morse, A., 2002. The clinical profile of end-stage AIDS in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDS 16, 75-81.
24
WHO, 2018. Global tuberculosis report 2018.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Bradykinin-Potentiating Factors of Venom from Iranian Medically Important Scorpions
The venom of animals, including snakes, scorpions, and spiders is a complex combination of proteins, peptides, and other biomolecules as well as some minerals. Among the biomolecules of some animal’s venom, small peptides that lack disulfide bands known as Non-Disulfide Bridge Peptides (NDBPs) potentiate the bradykinin by preventing the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 using the mechanism of inhibiting the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme activity and finally reducing the blood pressure in the victims. This feature of the NDBPs of animal’s venom is suggested as the potential of biological drugs. This study aimed to isolate venom components of three species of Iranian medically important scorpions and study the bradykinin potentiating effect of them. The scorpion specimens were collected from the venomous animals and antivenom production department of Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Moreover, venom extraction was performed by electrical shock (5 volts). The obtained liquid venom of three species specimens was frozen and lyophilized immediately and then preserved in a cool and dried place. The isolation of the venom components for each scorpion was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography. The obtained ranges of venom fractions (zones) were tested on isolated tissues of guinea-pig ileum and rat uterus using organ bath instrumentation in several replicates. The bioassays resulted in the peptides, including Z1 and Z2 regions in the venom fractionsof the Hottentotta saulcyi, Z2 in Odontobuthus doriae, as well as Z2 and Z3 in Mesobuthus eupeus demonstrated bradykinin potentiating effect. It is concluded that Bradykinin Potentiating Factors were traceable in the venom of all three scorpion species. Therefore, these venoms have the therapeutic potential to exploit biological-based drugs.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120200_525b6ecf1d1279b41e3daa5bbaad0e99.pdf
2019-12-01
385
394
10.22092/ari.2019.123404.1249
Biologic drugs
Bradykinin-potentiating factors
hypertension
Scorpion venom
H. R.
Goudarzi
hr.goudarzi@rvsri.ac.ir
1
Central Laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Z.
Salehi Najafabadi
zahra.salehi@live.com
2
Department of Human Bacterial Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Movahedi
3
Central Laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Noofeli
4
Department of Human Bacterial Vaccine, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
A European project supported through the Seventh Framework Program, 2011. What's in venom? Venomics, (FP7 Health).
1
Bekheet, S.H.M., Awadalla, E.A., Salman, M.M., Hassan, M.K., 2011. Bradykinin potentiating factor isolated from Buthus occitanus venom has a protective effect against cadmium-induced rat liver and kidney damage. Tissue Cell 43, 337-343.
2
Bekheet, S.H.M., Awadalla, E.A., Salman, M.M., Hassan, M.K., 2013. Prevention of hepatic and renal toxicity with bradykinin potentiating factor (BPF) isolated from Egyptian scorpion venom (Buthus occitanus) in gentamicin treated rats. Tissue Cell 45, 89-94.
3
Biswas, A., Gomes, A., Sengupta, J., Datta, P., Singha, S., Dasgupta, A.K., et al., 2012. Nanoparticle-conjugated animal venom-toxins and their possible therapeutic potential. J Venom Res 3, 15-21.
4
De Lima, M., Borges, M., Verano-Braga, T., Torres, F., Montandon, G., Cardoso, F., et al., 2010. Some arachnidan peptides with potential medical application. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 16, 8-33.
5
Ferreira, L.A.F., Alves, E.W., Henriques, O.B., 1993. Peptide T, a novel bradykinin potentiator isolated from Tityus Serrulatus scorpion venom. Toxicon 31, 941-947.
6
Ferreira, S.H., 1965. A Bradykinin-Potentiating Factor (BPF) Present In the Venom of Bothrops Jararaca. Br J Pharmacol Chemoth 24, 163-169.
7
Hamilton, M.A., Russo, R.C., Thurston, R.V., 1977. Trimmed Spearman-Karber method for estimating median lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays. Environ Sci Technol 11, 714-719.
8
McCleary, R.J.R., Kini, R.M., 2013. Non-enzymatic proteins from snake venoms: A gold mine of pharmacological tools and drug leads. Toxicon 62, 56-74.
9
Meki, A.-R.M.A., Nassar, A.Y., Rochat, H., 1995. A bradykinin-potentiating peptide (peptide K12) isolated from the venom of Egyptian scorpion Buthus occitanus. Peptides 16, 1365-1359.
10
Miyashita, M., Otsuki, J., Hanai, Y., Nakagawa, Y., Miyagawa, H., 2007. Characterization of peptide components in the venom of the scorpion Liocheles australasiae (Hemiscorpiidae). Toxicon 50, 428-437.
11
Radmanesh, M., 2001. Scorpion sting with Mesobutus eopeus and its clinical studies. J Drug Cure 7, 40-42.
12
Reed, L.J., Muench, H., 1938. A Simple Method of Estimating Fifty Per Cent Endpoints12. Am J Epidemiol 27, 493-497.
13
Salman, M.M.A., 2009. Effect of a single dose of a bradykinin potentiating factor isolated from scorpion venom (Buthus occitanus) on total protein and albumin in serum of irradiated growing male Guinea pigs. Egypt Acad J Biol Sci. Physiol Mol Biol 1, 33-43.
14
Salman, M.M.A., Kotb, A.M., Haridy, M.A., S., H., 2016. Hepato- and nephroprotective effects of bradykinin potentiating factor from scorpion (Buthus occitanus) venom on mercuric chloride-treated rats. EXCLI J 15, 807-816.
15
Sosnina, N., Golubenko, Z., Akhunov, A., Kugaevskaia, E., Eliseeva, I., Orekhovich, V., 1990. Bradykinin-potentiating peptides from the spider Latrodectus tredecimguttatus–inhibitors of carboxycathepsin and of a preparation of karakurt venom kininase. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 315, 236-239.
16
Tytgat, J., Chandy, K.G., Garcia, M.L., Gutman, G.A., Martin-Eauclaire, M.F., van der Walt, J.J., et al., 1999. A unified nomenclature for short-chain peptides isolated from scorpion venoms: alpha-KTx molecular subfamilies. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20, 444-447.
17
Zeng, X.C., Corzo, G., Hahin, R., 2005. Scorpion Venom Peptides without Disulfide Bridges. IUBMB Life 57, 13-21.
18
Zeng, X.C., Li, W.X., Peng, F., Zhu, Z.H., 2000. Cloning and characterization of a novel cDNA sequence encoding the precursor of a novel venom peptide (BmKbpp) related to a bradykinin-potentiating peptide from Chinese scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch. IUBMB Life 49, 207-210.
19
Zhijian, C., Feng, L., Yingliang, W., Xin, M., Wenxin, L., 2006. Genetic mechanisms of scorpion venom peptide diversification. Toxicon 47, 348-355.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Influence of Zeolite/Collagen Nanocomposite (ZC) and Hydroxyapatite (HA) on Bone Healing: A Study on Rabbits
Bone healing is still a great challenge in orthopedic surgery and clinical practice. There is a dearth of research investigating the effect of Zeolite/Collagen (ZC) nanocomposite on bone regeneration. In the present study, a critical segmental defect of the rabbit femur was repaired using defects in femurs repaired by ZC nanocomposite, and the effects were examined histologically. In total, 45 rabbits at seven months of age weighing 3.5 kilograms were utilized in this study. After making the bone defects, all animals were randomized into three groups (n=15). In a normal control group (NC), a defect was created, no intervention was made, and the skin incision was sutured. On the other hand, in the ZC group, the nanocomposite of ZC was placed into the created defect. In the hydroxyapatite group (HA), the hydroxyapatite was placed into the created defect. The samples were collected on days 15, 30, and 45 postoperatively and assessed histopathologically. The mean scores of the index of the union were compared and considerable alterations were observed in this regard in the experimental groups (P<0.05). The values of the index of spongiosa demonstrated that on day 15, it was the highest in the ZC group (2.2) and lowest in the HA and NC groups (0.6). Moreover, the values of the index of bone marrow demonstrated no noticeable alteration among the values of the index of bone marrow in the experimental groups (P>0.05). The findings of this study demonstrated that ZC nanocomposite might be considered for reconstruction in bone damages. It seems the ZC nanocomposite bears a crucial capability in the reconstruction of bone damages and might be used as a biological frame in bone damages.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120193_73c68a7c130a843a0ec00845378f42d9.pdf
2019-12-01
395
403
10.22092/ari.2018.121308.1211
Bone Regeneration
Histopathological Evaluation
nanocomposite
Zeolite/Collagen Nano Particles
Rabbit
D.
Faraji
darab.faraji@gmail.com
1
Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Jahandideh
dr.jahandideh@gmail.com
2
assistant professor /science and research university of tehran
LEAD_AUTHOR
A.
Asghari
dr.ahmad.asghari@gmail.com
3
Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Akbarzadeh
dr.akbarzadeh2010@gmail.com
4
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Hesaraki
hesarakisaeed@yahoo.com
5
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Arcos, D., Vallet-Regí, M., 2010. Sol–gel silica-based biomaterials and bone tissue regeneration. Acta Biomaterialia 6, 2874-2888.
1
Auerbach, S.M., Carrado, K.A., Dutta, P.K., 2003. Handbook of zeolite science and technology, CRC press.
2
Banu, J., Varela, E., Guerra, J.M., Halade, G., Williams, P.J., Bahadur, A.N., et al., 2012. Dietary coral calcium and zeolite protects bone in a mouse model for postmenopausal bone loss. Nutrition research 32, 965-975.
3
Beachley, V., Wen, X., 2010. Polymer nanofibrous structures: Fabrication, biofunctionalization, and cell interactions. Prog Polym Sci 35, 868-892.
4
Bedi, R.S., Chow, G., Wang, J., Zanello, L., Yan, Y.S., 2012. Bioactive Materials for Regenerative Medicine: Zeolite‐Hydroxyapatite Bone Mimetic Coatings. Advanced Engineering Materials 14, 200-206.
5
Brydone, A.S., Meek, D., Maclaine, S., 2010. Bone grafting, orthopaedic biomaterials, and the clinical need for bone engineering. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 224, 1329-1343.
6
Ceyhan, T., Tatlier, M., Akçakaya, H., 2007. In vitro evaluation of the use of zeolites as biomaterials: effects on simulated body fluid and two types of cells. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 18, 1557-1562.
7
Chou, Y.F., Huang, W., Dunn, J.C., Miller, T.A., Wu, B.M., 2005. The effect of biomimetic apatite structure on osteoblast viability, proliferation, and gene expression. Biomaterials 26, 285-295.
8
Erol, M.M., Mourino, V., Newby, P., Chatzistavrou, X., Roether, J.A., Hupa, L., et al., 2012. Copper-releasing, boron-containing bioactive glass-based scaffolds coated with alginate for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 8, 792-801.
9
Iqbal, N., Kadir, M.R.A., Mahmood, N.H.B., Yusoff, M.F.M., Siddique, J.A., Salim, N., et al., 2014. Microwave synthesis, characterization, bioactivity and in vitro biocompatibility of zeolite–hydroxyapatite (Zeo–HA) composite for bone tissue engineering applications. Ceramics International 40, 16091-16097.
10
Jayakumar, P., Di Silvio, L., 2010. Osteoblasts in bone tissue engineering. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 224, 1415-1440.
11
Kamitakahara, M., Ohtsuki, C., Miyazaki, T., 2007. Coating of bone-like apatite for development of bioactive materials for bone reconstruction. Biomed Mater 2, R17-23.
12
Keeting, P.E., Oursler, M.J., Wiegand, K.E., Bonde, S.K., Spelsberg, T.C., Riggs, B.L., 1992. Zeolite A increases proliferation, differentiation, and transforming growth factor beta production in normal adult human osteoblast-like cells in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 7, 1281-1289.
13
Khang, D., Carpenter, J., Chun, Y.W., Pareta, R., Webster, T.J., 2010. Nanotechnology for regenerative medicine. Biomed Microdevices 12, 575-587.
14
Kihara, T., Zhang, Y., Hu, Y., Mao, Q., Tang, Y., Miyake, J., 2011. Effect of composition, morphology and size of nanozeolite on its in vitro cytotoxicity. J Biosci Bioeng 111, 725-730.
15
Laurencin, C., Khan, Y., El-Amin, S.F., 2006. Bone graft substitutes. Expert Rev Med Devices 3, 49-57.
16
Li, X., Xie, J., Lipner, J., Yuan, X., Thomopoulos, S., Xia, Y., 2009. Nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in mineral content for mimicking the tendon-to-bone insertion site. Nano Lett 9, 2763-2768.
17
Linh, N.T.B., Min, Y.K., Song, H.Y., Lee, B.T., 2010. Fabrication of polyvinyl alcohol/gelatin nanofiber composites and evaluation of their material properties. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 95, 184-191.
18
Liu, Y., Chan, J.K., Teoh, S.H., 2015. Review of vascularised bone tissue-engineering strategies with a focus on co-culture systems. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 9, 85-105.
19
Longley, L., Fiddes, M., O'Brien, M., 2008. Anaesthesia of Exotic Pets, Elsevier Saunders.
20
Mousavi, G., Rezaie, A., 2011. Biomechanical Effects of Calcium Phosphate Bone Cem ent and Bone Matrix Gelatin Mixture on Healing of Bone Defect in Rabbits. World Appl. Sci. J 13, 2042-2046.
21
Reichert, J.C., Wullschleger, M.E., Cipitria, A., Lienau, J., Cheng, T.K., Schutz, M.A., et al., 2011. Custom-made composite scaffolds for segmental defect repair in long bones. Int Orthop 35, 1229-1236.
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Richardson, V.C., 2008. Rabbits: health, husbandry and diseases, John Wiley & Sons.
23
Suckow, M.A., Stevens, K.A., Wilson, R.P., 2012. The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents, Academic Press.
24
Zhang, Q., Tan, K., Ye, Z., Zhang, Y., Tan, W., Lang, M., 2012. Preparation of open porous polycaprolactone microspheres and their applications as effective cell carriers in hydrogel system. Materials Science and Engineering: C 32, 2589-2595.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Extraction, Purification, and Characterization of Trypsin Obtained from the Digestive System of Yellowfin Seabream (Acanthopagrus latus)
The development of the marine aquaculture industry has led to the generation of significant amounts of fish wastes. Marine farm wastes exert adverse effects on the surrounding area of the cages. On the other hand, wastes of fish and other aquatic animals are regarded as major sources of valuable natural bioactive compounds, including enzymes, proteins, bioactive peptides, oil, amino acids, collagen, gelatin, calcium, biopolymers, and water-soluble minerals. To investigate the potential of marine fish waste, the whole digestive system of yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) was extracted for extraction and identification of trypsin enzyme. Fish (179.93±93.67 g; 184±28.17 cm) were caught from the Persian Gulf and stored at -20 °C. Yellowfin seabream were dissected and their whole digestive systems were removed. Samples were thoroughly washed with distilled water and purified through defatting using acetone and ammonium sulfate precipitation. The following issues were assessed: the total and specific activity of trypsin, protein determination, molecular weight, enzyme activity and stability in different pH values and temperatures. The obtained results indicated that specific activity and protein content of trypsin enzyme were 4.4 U and 3.4 mg/ml, respectively. The molecular weight of 23 kDa was reported for trypsin using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. Maximum activity and stability of trypsin were observed at 60°C and 45°C, respectively. Trypsin demonstrated maximum activity and stability at a pH value of 8.0. In general, the results of the current study suggested that trypsin extracted from the digestive system of yellowfin seabream has considerable potential for industrial applications, such as the food industry, owing to its characteristics and stability under alkaline conditions.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120196_049caae371b0a48c1d9e1fa7fa0487d5.pdf
2019-12-01
405
411
10.22092/ari.2018.122854.1229
Enzyme purification
Yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus)
Trypsin
Fish waste
F.
Namjou
faeze.namjou@yahoo.com
1
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Yeganeh
skyeganeh@gmail.com
2
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
R.
Madani
madanirasool@gmail.com
3
Department of Proteomics & Biochemistry section Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
H.
Ouraji
h.ouraji@sanru.ac.ir
4
Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Fisheries, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU), Sari, Iran
AUTHOR
Bkhairia, I., Ben Khaled, H., Ktari, N., Miled, N., Nasri, M., Ghorbel, S., 2016. Biochemical and molecular characterisation of a new alkaline trypsin from Liza aurata: Structural features explaining thermal stability. Food Chem 196, 1346-1354.
1
Canada, S., 2009. Human Activity and the Environment: Annual Statistics. Minister responsible for Statistics Canada.
2
Candiotto, F.B., Freitas-Junior, A.C.V., Neri, R.C.A., Bezerra, R.S., Rodrigues, R.V., Sampaio, L.A., et al., 2018. Characterization of digestive enzymes from captive Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus. Braz J Biol 78, 281-288.
3
Dos Santos, C.W.V., da Costa Marques, M.E., de Araujo Tenorio, H., de Miranda, E.C., Vieira Pereira, H.J., 2016. Purification and characterization of trypsin from Luphiosilurus alexandri pyloric cecum. Biochem Biophys Rep 8, 29-33.
4
FAO, 2016. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture, contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome.
5
Ketnawa, S., Benjakul, S., Ling, T.C., Martinez-Alvarez, O., Rawdkuen, S., 2013. Enhanced recovery of alkaline protease from fish viscera by phase partitioning and its application. Chem Cent J 7, 79.
6
Khandagale, A.S., Mundodi, L., Sarojini, B.K., 2017. Isolation and characterizati on of trypsin from fish viscera of Oil Sardine) Sardinella longiceps). Int J Fish Aquat Stud 5, 33-37.
7
Khandagale, A.S., Sarojini, B.K., Kumari, S.N., Joshi, S.D.S., Nooralabettu, K., 2015. Isolation, Purification, and Biochemical Characterization of Trypsin from Indian Mackerel (Rastralliger kanagurta). J Aquat Food Prod Technol 24, 354-367.
8
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9
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10
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11
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12
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13
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16
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18
Vahabnezhad, A., Taghavimotlagh, S.A., Ghodrati Shojaei, M., 2017. Growth pattern and reproductive biology of Acanthopagrus latus from the Persian Gulf. J Survey Fish Sci 4, 18-28.
19
Yazawa, K., Numata, K., 2014. Recent advances in chemoenzymatic peptide syntheses. Molecules 19, 13755-13774.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Determination of the Effective Dose of Curcumin alone and in Combination with Antimicrobial Peptide CM11 on Promastigote Forms of Iranian Strain of L. major (MRHO / IR / 75 / ER)
Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis t caused by Leishmania major is spread in focal areas of more than 90 countries in the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. In the absence of any effective vaccine, the only means to treat and control leishmaniasis is conventional medication. Glucantime is the first choice of anti-leishmanialdrug, has serious side effects like high toxicity, exorbitant cost, problems with the administration and development of resistance. Curcumin is the active component from the rhizome of herb Curcuma longa, possessing many pharmacological and biological activities with antiprotozoal and anti-proliferative effects which make it a good alternative to existing therapy. Antimicrobial peptides like CM11, a small peptide consisting of 11 amino acids, are also novel potential drugs against at least wide spectrum of microbial organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of curcumin alone and in combination with CM11 on promastigote form of L. major (MRHO / IR / 75 / ER) for 12h and 24h in vitro. The results of Giemsa staining showed that the morphology of the flagellum and cell shape increased changed with increasing concentration of curcumin (5 µM, 10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM and 80 μM). MTT and Trypan blue results demonstrated that the promastigotes were susceptible against curcumin in dose and time dependent manner, while CM11 alone at concentration of 8 µM as well as in combination with 10 and 20 µM curcumin had no significant effect on promastigotes. Our results revealed that curcumin can provide a new curative candidate against cutaneous leishmaniasis.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120194_290408b679713358d4b799a994a991fb.pdf
2019-12-01
413
422
10.22092/ari.2018.122300.1222
Curcumin
Antimicrobial Peptide CM11
Promastigote
Leishmania. major
Glucantime
G.
Aqeele
ghasikaqeele@gmail.com
1
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
P.
Shayan
pshayan@ut.ac.ir
2
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
E.
Ebrahimzadeh
eebrahimzade@ut.ac.ir
3
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Mohebali
mmohebali@hotmail.com
4
Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Khalili
s.khalili@ut.ac.ir
5
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Aerts, A.M., Bammens, L., Govaert, G., Carmona-Gutierrez, D., Madeo, F., Cammue, B., et al., 2011. The antifungal plant defensin HsAFP1 from Heuchera sanguinea induces apoptosis in Candida albicans. Front Microbiol 2, 47.
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Haldar, A.K., Sen, P., Roy, S., 2011. Use of antimony in the treatment of leishmaniasis: current status and future directions. Mol Biol Int 2011, 571242.
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JG, P., 2011. Assessment of Leishmania major and Leishmania braziliensis promastigote viability after photodynamic treatment with aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate (AlPcS4). J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 17, 300-307.
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Lofgren, S., Miletti, L., Steindel, M., Bachere, E., Barracco, M., 2008. Trypanocidal and leishmanicidal activities of different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) isolated from aquatic animals. Exp Parasitol 118, 197-202.
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Markle, W.H., Makhoul, K., 2004. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: recognition and treatment. Am Fam Physician 69, 1455-1464.
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44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Identification and Determination of the Geographical Distribution of Freshwater Snails in Lorestan, Iran
Snails are creatures present in various ecosystems that, in addition to being present in human surroundings, some of them are also important in veterinary medicine and medicine as the intermediate hosts of Digenean trematodes. The present study was conducted to identify and determine the geographical distribution of freshwater snails and investigate the relationship of variables, such as season and geographical region, with snail species and dispersion in Lorestan in the west of Iran. A total of 4400 samples of freshwater snails were collected using the multistage sampling method (i.e., stratified, cluster, and randomized) from 110 points in five geographical regions in four seasons and then identified based on their morphological characteristics by diagnostic keys. The ArcGIS software (version 10.3) was used to evaluate the spatial distribution of the freshwater snails. In this study, seven species of freshwater snails were identified in six families belonging to six genera, namely Melanopsis doriae (6.30% of the variation in species), Theodoxus doriae (5.55%), Bithynia tentaculata (43.22%, the dominant species), Physa acuta (24.98%), Lymnaea truncatula (9.75%), Gyraulus euphraticus (8.18%), and Lymnaea gedrosiana (2.02%). The geographic distribution of freshwater snails was recorded across five regions in 22 points per region for every season. The spatial distribution maps showed that the distribution of freshwater snails varies according to region and season (P<0.001). The obtained results revealed the effects of season and geographical region on the distribution and population density of snails in the province. These data can be used for the implementation of control programs against parasitic diseases in the region, including trematodes.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120199_e5e9c65145667d3291005952654c2cf9.pdf
2019-12-01
423
431
10.22092/ari.2018.123286.1244
identification
freshwater snail
geographical distribution
Lorestan
M. H.
Razi Jalali
mh.jalali@scu.ac.ir
1
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
M.
Mirzaei
dr_mirzaie_mo@yahoo.com
2
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
F.
Jahangiri Nasr
ersi.jahangiri@yahoo.com
3
Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
H.
Sharifi
hamidsharifi@uk.ac.ir
4
Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Ashrafi, K., 2015. The Status of Human and Animal Fascioliasis in Iran: A Narrative Review Article. Iran J Parasitol 10, 306-328.
1
Bargues, M., Vigo, M., Horak, P., Dvorak, J., Patzner, R., Pointier, J., et al., 2001. European Lymnaeidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda), intermediate hosts of trematodiases, based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS-2 sequences. Infect Genet Evol 1, 85-107.
2
Brown, D.S., 1978. Pulmonate molluscs as intermediate hosts for digenetic trematodes, in: Fretter, V., Peake, J. (Eds.), Pulmonates, Vol. 2A. Systematics, Evolution, and Ecology. Academic Press, London, pp. 287-333..
3
El-Kady, G.A., Shoukry, A., Reda, L.A., El-Badri, Y.S., 2000. Survey and population dynamics of freshwater snails in newly settled areas of the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt J Biol 2, 42-48.
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Glöer, P., Pešić, V., 2012. The freshwater snails (Gastropoda) of Iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species. ZooKeys, 219, 11-61.
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Gutiérrez, A., Hernandez, D.F., Sánchez, J., 2005. Variation of snail's abundance in two water bodies harboring strains of Pseudosuccinea columella resistant and susceptible to Fasciola hepatica miracidial infection, in Pinar del Río Province, Cuba. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 100, 725-727.
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Imani-Baran, A., Yakhchali, M., MalekzadehViayeh, R., Sehhatnia, B., Darvishzadeh, R., 2015. Ecology of snail family Lymnaeidae and effects of certain chemical components on their distribution in aquatic habitats of West Azarbaijan, Iran. J Vet Res 70, 433-440.
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Moghaddam, A.S., Massoud, J., Mahmoodi, M., Mahvi, A.H., Periago, M.V., Artigas, P., et al., 2004. Human and animal fascioliasis in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Parasitol Res 94, 61-69.
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Odabaşı, D.A., Arslan, N., 2015. A New Species of Bithynia (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae) from an Eutrophic Lake Uluabat (South Marmara Region), Northwest of Turkey. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 15, 365-369.
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Omonijo, A.O., Asaolu, S.O., Ofoezie, I.E., 2016. Ecology of Schistosoma Snail Vectors in Ado-Ekiti Local Government Area, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Int J Pure Appl Zool 4, 77-84.
19
Salahi-Moghaddam, A., 2010. Mapping epidemiologically important reservoirs of Snail transmitted parasites in Iran. Ann Mil Health Sci Res 8, 138-147.
20
Salahi-Moghaddam, A., Massoud, J.F., Mahmoud, M., Khoubbane, M., P, A., Periago, M., et al., 2004. Distributional outline of lymnaeid snails (Gastropoda) in Fascioliasis endemic areaof Mazandaran, Iran. Acta Parasitol 49, 145-152.
21
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22
Valipour Nouroozi, R., 2014. A Survey of Medically Important Snails of Gahar Lake in Lorestan Province, Iran. J Med Microbiol Infec Dis 2, 91-94.
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Yıldırım, M.Z., 1999. Türkiye Prosobranchia (Gastropoda: Mollusca) Türleri ve Zoocoğrafik Yayılışları 1. Tatlı ve Acı Sular. Turk J Zool 23, 877-900.
24
Żbikowska, E., Kobak, J., Żbikowski, J., Kąklewski, J., 2006. Infestation of Lymnaea stagnalis by digenean flukes in the Jeziorak Lake. Parasitol Res 99, 434-439.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Determination of CD Markers Profile of the Cell Line Infected by S15 Vaccine Strain of Theileria annulata Schizont Using RT-PCR Analysis
The aim of this study was to identify the cell surface cluster of differentiation (CD) markers of the cell lines infected by Theileria annulata schizont. The CD molecules are very useful for the characterization of cells and different subpopulations of leukocytes. They are usually recognized by specific antibodies using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. In the current study, we applied reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to define the profile of cell surface markers in a cell line infected by an attenuated S15 vaccine strain of T. annulata schizont and a new laboratory-established cell line infected by a non-attenuated form. In order to determine the specific markers that can be used for excluding the non-attenuated cell lines, the characterization of the surface proteins profile of the S15 vaccine cell line is important. The RT-PCR was carried out by specifically designed primers using a panel of seven bovine CD markers, as well as beta-actin as an internal control house-keeping gene. We showed that both of the examined cell lines had a consistent expression of CD4, CD5, CD11a, CD14, CD43, and CD45 markers. However, the specific finding in this study was the expression of B-cell markers CD79a and CD5 by the newly-transformed cell line. On the other hand, CD5 as a marker for B-cell subset was expressed by S15 vaccine strain. In conclusion, we consider CD79a surface protein as a new marker for the cell lines infected by non-attenuated T. annulata schizont, while the cell lines infected by the vaccine strain do not express this marker. In addition, the identification of CD marker expression based on the RT-PCR assay might be a suitable and appropriate alternative technique for flow cytometry.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120198_36bce0a1f9b3d7372abea8c97c9fe2e6.pdf
2019-12-01
433
438
10.22092/ari.2018.123081.1237
CD marker
CD79a
RT-PCR
Theileria annulata
vaccine
H.
Modirrousta
h.modirrousta@rvsri.ir
1
Department of wildlife research, Razi vaccine and serum research institute, agriculture research, education, and extension organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
G.
Habibi
g.habibi@rvsri.ac.ir
2
Department of parasite vaccine research and production, Razi vaccine and serum research institute, agriculture research, education, and extension organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
P.
Shayan
3
Department of parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Mirjalili
4
Department of biotechnology, Razi vaccine and serum research institute, agriculture research, education, and extension organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
K.
Esmaeilnia
5
Department of Parasite Vaccine Research and Production, Razi vaccine and serum research institute, agriculture research, education, and extension organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Bio-Rad, 2018. Biomarker Expression Pattern Posters for Key Veterinary Immune Cells.
1
Chang, X., Yue, L., Liu, W., Wang, Y., Wang, L., Xu, B., et al., 2014. CD38 and E2F transcription factor 2 have uniquely increased expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissues. Clin Exp Immunol 176, 222-231.
2
Dobbelaere, D.A., Prospero, T.D., Roditi, I.J., Kelke, C., Baumann, I., Eichhorn, M., et al., 1990. Expression of Tac antigen component of bovine interleukin-2 receptor in different leukocyte populations infected with Theileria parva or Theileria annulata. Infect Immun 58, 3847-3855.
3
Glass, E.J., Innes, E.A., Spooner, R.L., Brown, C.G.D., 1989. Infection of bovine monocyte/macrophage populations with Theileria annulata and Theileria parva. Vet Immun Immunopathol 22, 355-368.
4
Habibi, G., 2012. Phylogenetic Analysis of Theileria annulata Infected Cell Line S15 Iran Vaccine Strain. Iran J Parasitol 7, 73-81.
5
Hall, F.R., 1988. Antigens and immunity in Theileria annulata. Parasitol Today 4, 257-261.
6
Hashemi-Fesharki, R., 1988. Control of Theileria annulata in Iran. Parasitol Today 4, 36-40.
7
Hashemi-Fesharki, R., Shad-Del, F., 1973. Vaccination of calves and milking cows with different strains of Theileria annulata. Am J Vet Res 34, 1465-1467.
8
Hertzano, R., Puligilla, C., Chan, S.-L., Timothy, C., Depireux, D.A., Ahmed, Z., et al., 2010. CD44 is a Marker for the Outer Pillar Cells in the Early Postnatal Mouse Inner Ear. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 11, 407-418.
9
Howard, C.J., Sopp, P., Preston, P.M., Jackson, L.A., Brown, C.G.D., 1993. 6.26 Phenotypic analysis of bovine leukocyte cell lines infected with Theileria annulata. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 39, 275-282.
10
Moreau, M.F., Thibaud, J.L., Miled, L.B., Chaussepied, M., Baumgartner, M., Davis, W.C., et al., 1999. Theileria annulata in CD5(+) macrophages and B1 B cells. Infect Immun 67, 6678-6682.
11
Nene, V., Morrison, W.I., 2016. Approaches to vaccination against Theileria parva and Theileria annulata. Parasite Immunol 38, 724-734.
12
Pruszak, J., Sonntag, K.-C., Aung, M.H., Sanchez-Pernaute, R., Isacson, O., 2007. Markers and Methods for Cell Sorting of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cell Populations. Stem Cells 25, 2257-2268.
13
Singh, D.K., 1990. Methods currently used for the control of Theileria annulata: their validity and proposals for future control strategies. Parassitologia 32, 33-40.
14
Zhen, A., Krutzik, S.R., Levin, B.R., Kasparian, S., Zack, J.A., Kitchen, S.G., 2014. CD4 Ligation on Human Blood Monocytes Triggers Macrophage Differentiation and Enhances HIV Infection. J Virol 88, 9934-9946.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Detection and Isolation of H9N2 Subtype of Avian Influenza Virus in House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) of Ahvaz, Iran
Avian influenza (AI) is an acute infectious disease with worldwide significance causing extensive economic losses in the poultry industry. Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae and categorized in the genus influenza virus A. These viruses have been isolated from more than 100 species of free-living birds. Migratory birds are considered as reservoirs for AIVs and are the major agents responsible for global outbreaks. The Passeriformes are found in most parts of the world and cover a variety of habitats from rural to urban areas. House sparrows are members of the family Passeridae and due to their free flying, are strongly associated with seabirds, indigenous, and industrial poultry. The aim of this study was to determine the role of house sparrows in AIV (H9N2) circulation in the Ahvaz region. The intestinal and tracheal samples were taken from 200 sparrows around Ahvaz during 2017. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using specific primers in order to detect M and H9 genes of AIVs. The positive specimens in the PCR for the M gene were inoculated into 9-11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs via the allantoic fluid. The results showed that 11 out of 200 samples were positive for the two genes of M and H9. According to the findings of the present study, house sparrows are infected with H9N2 and pose a threat to commercial poultry. These birds may play a significant role in the transmission of AIV between wildlife and domestic animals. Therefore, this issue is important to be considered in preventive measurements.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120195_637471ea570c663553bb4942d21d9892.pdf
2019-12-01
439
444
10.22092/ari.2019.122504.1223
Ahvaz
Avian Influenza
house sparrows
Iran
molecular detection
Z.
Boroomand
z.boroomand@scu.ac.ir
1
Department of avian health and diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Mayahi
m_mayahi@yahoo.com
2
Department of avian health and diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
H.
Hosseini
hosseini.ho@gmail.com
3
Department of avian health and diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran branch, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
S.
Valadbeigi
valadbeigi.s91@gmail.com
4
Department of avian health and diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Chen, H., Smith, G.J., Zhang, S.Y., Qin, K., Wang, J., Li, K.S., et al., 2005. Avian flu: H5N1 virus outbreak in migratory waterfowl. Nature 436, 191-192.
1
Elmberg, J., Berg, C., Lerner, H., Waldenstrom, J., Hessel, R., 2017. Potential disease transmission from wild geese and swans to livestock, poultry and humans: a review of the scientific literature from a One Health perspective. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 7, 1300450.
2
Forrest, H.L., Kim, J.K., Webster, R.G., 2010. Virus shedding and potential for interspecies waterborne transmission of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in sparrows and chickens. J Virol 84, 3718-3720.
3
Hadipour, M., Vosoughi, A., Fakhrabadipour, M., Azad, F., Khademi, I., 2011. Serological Evaluation for Supporting the Potential Role of House Sparrows in LPAIV (H9N2) Transmission. Int J Anim Vet Adv 3, 189-192.
4
Jourdain, E., Gunnarsson, G., Wahlgren, J., Latorre-Margalef, N., Brojer, C., Sahlin, S., et al., 2010. Influenza virus in a natural host, the mallard: experimental infection data. PLoS One 5, e8935.
5
Liu, J., Xiao, H., Lei, F., Zhu, Q., Qin, K., Zhang, X.W., et al., 2005. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus infection in migratory birds. Science 309, 1206.
6
Lu, H., Castro, A.E., 2004. Evaluation of the infectivity, length of infection, and immune response of a low-pathogenicity H7N2 avian influenza virus in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Avian Dis 48, 263-270.
7
Mase, M., Tsukamoto, K., Imada, T., Imai, K., Tanimura, N., Nakamura, K., et al., 2005. Characterization of H5N1 influenza A viruses isolated during the 2003-2004 influenza outbreaks in Japan. Virol 332, 167-176.
8
Mundt, E., Gay, L., Jones, L., Saavedra, G., Tompkins, S.M., Tripp, R.A., 2009. Replication and pathogenesis associated with H5N1, H5N2, and H5N3 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens and ducks. Arch Virol 154, 1241-1248.
9
Nili, H., Asasi, K., 2003. Avian influenza (H9N2) outbreak in Iran. Avian Dis 47, 828-831.
10
Peterson, A.T., Bush, S.E., Spackman, E., Swayne, D.E., Ip, H.S., 2008. Influenza A virus infections in land birds, People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis 14, 1644-1646.
11
Seifi, S., Asasi, K., Mohammadi, A., 2009. A study of co-infection caused by avian influenza (H9 subtype) and infection bronchitis virus in broiler chicken farms showing respiratory signs. OJVR 13, 53-62.
12
Spickler, A.R., Trampel, D.W., Roth, J.A., 2008. The onset of virus shedding and clinical signs in chickens infected with high-pathogenicity and low-pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Avian Pathol 37, 555-577.
13
Swayne, D.E., Glisson , J.R., Jackwood, M.W., Pearson, J.E., Reed, W.M., 1998. A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens, American Association of Avian Pathologists, College Station, TX, pp. 169-174.
14
Swayne, D.R., Suarez, D.L., Sims, L.D., 2013. Influenza. In: Swayne, D.E., Glisson, J.R., McDougald, L.R., Nolan, L.K., Suarez, D.L., Nair, V. (Eds.), Diseases of Poultry, Ames: A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., PublicationIowa 50010, USA: Wiley - Blackwell pp. 181-218.
15
Tweed, S.A., Skowronski, D.M., David, S.T., Larder, A., Petric, M., Lees, W., et al., 2004. Human illness from avian influenza H7N3, British Columbia. Emerg Infect Dis 10, 2196-2199.
16
Wang, H.N., Wu, Q.Z., Huang, Y., Liu, P., 1997. Isolation and identification of infectious bronchitis virus from chickens in Sichuan, China. Avian Dis 41, 279-282.
17
Yuanji, G., 2002. Influenza activity in China: 1998–1999. Vaccine 20, S28-S35.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Quantification of Melittin in Iranian Honey Bee (Apis mellifera meda) Venom by Liquid Chromatography-electrospray Ionization-ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-IT-MS/MS)
The current research aimed to quantify melittin (MEL) in Iranian honey bee (Apis mellifera meda) venom. To this end, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-IT-MS/MS) approach was employed. Melittin is the main toxic peptide of honey bee venom with various biological and pharmacological activities. It was extracted with pure water from the bee venom samples. The analyses were performed on XBridge BEH300 C4 column using a gradient method with the mobile phase consisting of ultrapure water and acetonitrile (containing 0.1% formic acid). Signals of the melittin were recorded with the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode, which is a quantitative approach capable of quantifying analyte peptides with high sensitivity and. The mass spectrum of MEL was obtained in the positive ion mode and the quantification analysis was performed using precursor to product ion transition of m/z 570.2/669.9. This method demonstrated good linearity (R2˃0.997) in the range of 1-100 µg mL-1, with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.0 µg mL-1. The content of MEL in Iranian honey bee venom accounts for 43–55% of total dry weight. This method can be used to evaluate the quality and authenticity of bee venom samples for different therapeutic applications of MEL.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120201_dbe360a7b75247a80ffcb1158d8126a1.pdf
2019-12-01
435
439
10.22092/ari.2018.122150.1219
Apis mellifera meda
bee venom
Melittin
Peptide
LC-ESI-IT-MS/MS
M.
Hematyar
hematyar_marjan@yahoo.com
1
Department of Chemistry, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
AUTHOR
A.
Es-haghi
a.eshaghi@rvsri.ac.ir
2
Department of Physico Chemistry, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Soleimani
m-soleimani@hotmail.com
3
Department of Chemistry, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
AUTHOR
Dong, J., Ying, B., Huang, S., Ma, S., Long, P., Tu, X., et al., 2015. High-performance liquid chromatography combined with intrinsic fluorescence detection to analyse melittin in individual honeybee (Apis mellifera) venom sac. J Chromatogr B 1002, 139-143.
1
Eimanifar, A., T. Kimball, R., L. Braun, E., Fuchs, S., Grünewald, B., Ellis, J.D., 2017. The complete mitochondrial genome of Apis mellifera meda (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apidae). Mitochondr DNA Part B 2, 268-269.
2
Gajski, G., Garaj-Vrhovac, V., 2013. Melittin: A lytic peptide with anticancer properties. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 36, 697-705.
3
Haghi, G., Hatami, A., Mehran, M., 2013. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of melittin in honeybee venom and drug products containing honeybee venom. J Apic Sci 57, 37-44.
4
Kokot, Z.J., Matysiak, J., 2009. Simultaneous Determination of Major Constituents of Honeybee Venom by LC-DAD. Chromatographia 69, 1401-1405.
5
Matysiak, J., Schmelzer, C.E.H., Neubert, R.H.H., Kokot, Z.J., 2011. Characterization of honeybee venom by MALDI-TOF and nanoESI-QqTOF mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 54, 273-278.
6
Moreno, M., Giralt, E., 2015. Three Valuable Peptides from Bee and Wasp Venoms for Therapeutic and Biotechnological Use: Melittin, Apamin and Mastoparan. Toxins 7, 1126-1150.
7
Moreno, M., Zurita, E., Giralt, E., 2014. Delivering wasp venom for cancer therapy. J Control Release 182, 13-21.
8
Oršolić, N., 2012. Bee venom in cancer therapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 31, 173-194.
9
Pacáková, V., Štulík, K., Thi Hau, P., Jelínek, I., Vinš, I., Sýkora, D., 1995. Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis for the determination of some bee venom components. J Chromatogr 700, 187-193.
10
Ruttner, F., Pourasghar, D., Kauhausen, D., 1985. Die Honigbienen des Iran. 2. Apis mellifera meda Skorikow, die persische Biene. Apidologie 16, 241-264.
11
Son, D.J., Lee, J.W., Lee, Y.H., Song, H.S., Lee, C.K., Hong, J.T., 2007. Therapeutic application of anti-arthritis, pain-releasing, and anti-cancer effects of bee venom and its constituent compounds. Pharmacol Therapeut 115, 246-270.
12
Szókán, G., Horváth, J., Almás, M., Saftics, G., Palócz, A., 1994. Liquid Chromatographic Analysis and Separation of Polypeptide Components from Honey Bee Venoms. J Liq Chromatogr 17, 3333-3349.
13
Zhou, J., Zhao, J., Zhang, S., Shen, J., Qi, Y., Xue, X., et al., 2010. Quantification of melittin and apamin in bee venom lyophilized powder from Apis mellifera by liquid chromatography–diode array detector–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 404, 171-178.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Characterization and Pattern of Culling in Goats
In order to describe the proportion and pattern of culling in commercial goatherds, this survey was carried out in an industrialized goatherd in Torbat-e-Jam, Iran, over a period of 18 years from 1996 to 2013. In total, the data of 3945 goats were used in this study. Finally, out of all samples, 499 (12%) goats were culled. The involuntary culling was performed mainly due to shortage disorders (3.8%), viral disorders (3.3%), microbial diseases (2.8%), and other disorders (2.1%). Sheep pox was the most important reason (64%) for culling due to viral disorders. Tick paralysis was the most common parasitic disease that contributed to culling and responsible for 88% of parasitic disorders. On the other hand, enterotoxemia accounted for 55% of microbial disorders is considered the most common cause of culling. The high proportion of culling due to shortage disorders, especially nutritional deficiencies should be considered the most important cause of culling. It requires precautionary measures and planning in order to reduce the aforementioned rate.
https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_120354_f1679c2da60086094eaa4e0b677850ea.pdf
2019-12-01
441
446
10.22092/ari.2019.125298.1301
Culling
Goat herds
Microbial disease
VIRAL DISEASE
M.
Didarkhah
masooddidarkhah@birjand.ac.ir
1
Faculty of Agriculture Sarayan, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
M.
Vatandoost
moosavatandoost@gmail.com
2
Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University
AUTHOR
E.
Dirandeh
dirandeh@gmail.com
3
Department of Animal Science, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
AUTHOR
N.
Dadashpour Davachi
navid.d.davachi@gmail.com
4
Department of Research, Breeding and Production of Laboratory Animals, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Allaire, F.R., Sterwerf, H.E., Ludwick, T.M., 1977. Variations in Removal Reasons and Culling Rates with Age for Dairy Females1. J Dairy Sci 60, 254-267.
1
Azizzadeh, M., 2011. Characterisation and pattern of culling in Holstein-Friesian dairy herds in Khorasan Razavi Province, Northeast of Iran. Vet ResForum 2, 254-258.
2
Beaudeau, F., Ducrocq, V., Fourichon, C., Seegers, H., 1995. Effect of disease on length of productive life of French Holstein dairy cows assessed by survival analysis. J Dairy Sci 78, 103-117.
3
Beaudeau, F., Henken, A., Fourichon, C., Frankena, K., Seegers, H., 1993. Associations between health disorders and culling of dairy cows: a review. Livest Prod Sci 35, 213-236.
4
Cobo-Abreu, R., Martin, S.W., Stone, J.B., Willoughby, R.A., 1979. The rates and patterns of survivorship and disease in a university dairy herd. Can Vet J 20, 177-183.
5
Detilleux, J.C., Grohn, Y.T., Eicker, S.W., Quaas, R.L., 1997. Effects of left displaced abomasum on test day milk yields of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 80, 121-126.
6
Erb, H.N., Smith, R.D., Oltenacu, P.A., Guard, C.L., Hillman, R.B., Powers, P.A., et al., 1985. Path model of reproductive disorders and performance, milk fever, mastitis, milk yield, and culling in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 68, 3337-3349.
7
Grohn, Y.T., Ducrocq, V., Hertl, J.A., 1997. Modeling the effect of a disease on culling: an illustration of the use of time-dependent covariates for survival analysis. J Dairy Sci 80, 1755-1766.
8
Grohn, Y.T., Eicker, S.W., Ducrocq, V., Hertl, J.A., 1998. Effect of diseases on the culling of Holstein dairy cows in New York State. J Dairy Sci 81, 966-978.
9
Gröhn, Y.T., Rajala-Schultz, P.J., 2000. Epidemiology of reproductive performance in dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 60-61, 605-614.
10
Gröhn, Y.T., Rajala-Schultz, P.J., Allore, H.G., DeLorenzo, M.A., Hertl, J.A., Galligan, D.T., 2003. Optimizing replacement of dairy cows: modeling the effects of diseases. Prev Vet Med 61, 27-43.
11
Mandal, A., Prasad, H., Kumar, A., Roy, R., Sharma, N., 2007. Factors associated with lamb mortalities in Muzaffarnagari sheep. Small Ruminant Res 71, 273-279.
12
Martin, S.W., Aziz, S.A., Sandals, W.C.D., Curtis, R.A., 1982. Theassociationbetween clinical disease, production and culling of holsten-friesian cows. Can J Anim Sci 62, 633-640.
13
McCullough, D.A., DeLorenzo, M.A., 1996. Effects of Price and Management Level on Optimal Replacement and Insemination Decisions1. J Dairy Sci 79, 242-253.
14
Milian-Suazo, F., Erb, H.N., Smith, R.D., 1988. Descriptive epidemiology of culling in dairy cows from 34 herds in New York State. Prev Vet Med 6, 243-251.
15
Rajala-Schultz, P.J., Gröhn, Y.T., 1999a. Culling of dairy cows. Part I. Effects of diseases on culling in Finnish Ayrshire cows. Pre Vet Med 41, 195-208.
16
Rajala-Schultz, P.J., Gröhn, Y.T., 1999b. Culling of dairy cows. Part II. Effects of diseases and reproductive performance on culling in Finnish Ayrshire cows. Prev Vet Med 41, 279-294.
17
Rajala, P.J., Grohn, Y.T., 1998. Effects of dystocia, retained placenta, and metritis on milk yield in diary cows. J Dairy Sci 81, 3172-3181.
18
Regassa, A., Moje, N., Megersa, B., Beyene, D., Sheferaw, D., Debela, E., et al., 2013. Major causes of organs and carcass condemnation in small ruminants slaughtered at Luna Export Abattoir, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Prev VetMed 110, 139-148.
19
Safari, E., Fogarty, N.M., Gilmour, A.R., 2005. A review of genetic parameter estimates for wool, growth, meat and reproduction traits in sheep. Livest Prod Sci 92, 271-289.
20
Southey, B.R., Rodriguez-Zas, S.L., Leymaster, K.A., 2001. Survival analysis of lamb mortality in a terminal sire composite population. J Anim Sci 79, 2298-2306.
21
Stevenson, M., Lean, I., 1998. Descriptive epidemiological study on culling and deaths in eight dairy herds. Aust Vet J 76, 482-488.
22
Van Arendonk, J.A.M., 1988. Management Guides for Insemination and Replacement Decisions. J Dairy Sci 71, 1050-1057.
23
Van Arendonk, J.A.M., Dijkhuizen, A.A., 1985. Studies on the replacement policies in dairy cattle. III. Influence of variation in reproduction and production. Livest Prod Sci 13, 333-349.
24