Razi Vaccine & Serum Research InstituteArchives of Razi Institute0365-343973320180901Chitosan-based Nanoparticles in Mucosal Vaccine Deliveryواکسن رسانی از طریق سطوح مخاطی با استفاده از نانوذرات کیتوزان16517611640210.22092/ari.2017.109235.1101ENM. MehrabiDepartment of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IranH. MontazeriDepartment of Medical Nanotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranN. Mohamadpour DounighiDepartment of Human Vaccine and Serum, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, IranA. RashtiDepartment of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IranR. Vakili-GhartavolDepartment of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, IranJournal Article20170118Most infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic infiltrations from the mucosal tract. Nowadays, the use of vaccines has been widely investigated for the prevention of different infectious diseases, infertility, immune disorders, malignancies, and allergies. Broad-spectrum adjuvant substances have been studied for immune system stimulation with a greater efficiency against specific antigens. Various adjuvants have been developed such as inorganic, oil-based, and emulsion adjuvants, bacterial products and their derivatives, cytokines, cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG) motifs, and particulate systems. Mucosal vaccine delivery is an alternative route to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. Applying nanoparticles in vaccine formulations allows not only improved antigen stability and immunogenicity, but also targeted delivery, and consequently, more specific release of the agent of interest. Chitosan nanoparticles have immunological activity and mucoadhesive properties. They have been used as a mucosal vaccine delivery system for many antigens. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in chitosan nanoparticles as a novel mucosal vaccine delivery system.https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_116402_baf9653b7819cb696ad053fbcca00a5b.pdfRazi Vaccine & Serum Research InstituteArchives of Razi Institute0365-343973320180901Development and Evaluation of Real-Time RT-PCR Test for Quantitative and Qualitative Recognition of Current H9N2 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses in Iranتشخیص کمی و کیفی ویروس آنفولانزای پرندگان ساب تایپ H9N2 با روش واکنش پلیمراز در زمان واقعی در ایران17718211639710.22092/ari.2017.106968.1059ENS. G. MirzaeiDepartment of Avian Bacterial Diseases, Research and Diagnosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, IranA. ShoushtariDepartment of Avian Viral Diseases, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, IranA. NouriDepartment of Avian Bacterial Diseases, Research and Diagnosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, IranJournal Article20160827Avian influenza H9N2 subtype viruses have had a great impact on Iranian industrial poultry production economy since introduction in the country. To approach Rapid and precise identification of this viruses as control measures in poultry industry, a real time probe base assay was developed to directly detect a specific influenza virus of H9N2 subtype -instead of general detection of Influenza A viruses- which has been endemic over two last decades in the country. An Iranian avian influenza virus strain of A/Iran/chicken/772/1998 H9N2 subtype were selected as reference strain for of primers and probe designing. The high agreement value of 99% indicated that the devolved real time assay for detection of H9 subtype viruses could easily replace the conventional method of virus isolation particularly in investigation of viruses like national surveillance plan. The limit of detection was almost one EID50 which was the least real infectious unit could be detected. So it can be said that this sensitive assay provided a powerful tool to not to miss any significant viral biological activity neither in the host body nor in the environment. A high level of correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.998) also indicated a good correlation between Ct values and viral concentrations. , it can be conclude that the real time RT-PCR could be easily replace virus isolation in detection of H9N2 influenza viruses especially in large monitoring program. The ability in quantifying of the virus concentration extends usage of test in more accurate studies.https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_116397_dcc2796c122229808b276610314c639d.pdfRazi Vaccine & Serum Research InstituteArchives of Razi Institute0365-343973320180901Sequencing and In Silico Multi-aspect Analysis of S1 Glycoprotein in 793/B Serotype of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated From Iran in 2003 and 2011توالی یابی و آنالیز چندجانبه گلایکوپروتئین S1 مربوط به سروتایپ /B793 ویروس برونشیت عفونی جدا شده در سال های 1379 و 1390 از ایران18319811724910.22092/ari.2018.120305.1192ENM. Vasfi MarandiDepartment of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranM. MalekanDepartment of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranM. M. RanjbarDepartment of Animal Virology, Research and Diagnosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, IranN. Dadashpour DavachiDepartment of Research, Breeding and Production of Laboratory Animals, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran0000-0001-9478-9775S. AlamianDepartment of Brucellosis, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization, Karaj, IranJournal Article20180119Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute, highly contagious, and economically important viral disease of chickens. The S1 subunit from Spike (S) protein plays the major role in protective immunity and is involved in the host-virus interactions, as well as infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) serotyping. Aim of the present study was multi-aspect analysis of the molecular and immunological features of 5' part belonging to the S1 glycoprotein sequence of Iranian 793/B IBV strain isolates. This might ideally help in characterization, prevention, and vaccine development. The tissue samples were prepared, followed by virus isolation, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. In addition, sequencing and registration of the sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information were performed. Moreover, 12 sequences were retrieved from Fars province, Iran. The next steps included evaluation of conservation/variability along the sequences, phylogenetic analysis, estimation of the average evolutionary divergence over all the sequence pairs, predicting the phosphorylation/N-glycosylation/palmitoylation sites, and the final analysis of antigenicity. The findings of alignment, entropy plot, and pairwise similarity analysis revealed 17 hypervariable regions. The isolates belonging to Tehran were clustered in phylogenetic tree, and the most similar isolates to them were ADW11182 and ADW11183. Location of some of the N-glycosylation/phosphorylation/palmitoylation points indicated that these sites were conserved among the isolates. Furthermore, the frequency of epitopes and their scores reflect the high immunogenicity of S1 protein in 793/B serotype. Analysis of the primary and secondary structures demonstrated that their parameters had variable values and were different regarding the number and location of α-helix, β-strand, and coils. According to our findings, the Iranian isolates of 793/B serotype change their molecular characteristics during time and in different geographical regions. These alterations might account for failure in prevention programs and differences in virulence and pathogenicity.https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_117249_342f00ca2cf6ad60cab28cb098b6a20b.pdfRazi Vaccine & Serum Research InstituteArchives of Razi Institute0365-343973320180901Design and Production of a Novel Recombinant Chimeric IL2-Omp31 Antigen against Brucella Infectionطراحی و تولید یک فیوژن آنتی ژن نوترکیب IL2-Omp31 بر علیه بیماری عفونی بروسلا19920611640410.22092/ari.2017.110504.1131ENM. NaghaviDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranM. H. SekhavatiDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranM. TahmoorespurDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranM. R. NassiriDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20170507Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease in human and animals. <em>Brucella melitensis</em> is one of the most pathogenic species of Brucella in goat and sheep. Omp31 is an outer membrane protein of Brucella that acts as an immunogenic protein. Cytokines are glycoproteins with low molecular weight that play the role of an immune adjuvant and regulate immune responses. Interleukin-2 is one of the most important cytokines, which are secreted by the white blood cells and involved in T cell immune responses. In the present study, a chimeric Omp31-Interleukin2 recombinant protein was generated by means of genetic engineering techniques. This chimeric coding sequence was amplified by using specific primers and using Splicing Overlap Extension (SOE) PCR technique. The fusion of the two mentioned proteins was accomplished using a rigid linker. The generated chimeric IL2-Omp31 fragment was TA cloned, and then subcloned into pEt22b vector as an expression vector. The chimeric protein was successfully expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) and confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and also Western-blotting analysis. Finally, in order to assess the antigenic features of the recombinant chimeric IL2-Opm31 protein, its secondary structure and antigenicity were predicted in silico.https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_116404_4286f2e4b17f23e95d54e0bb1644ae65.pdfRazi Vaccine & Serum Research InstituteArchives of Razi Institute0365-343973320180901Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Enterococcus Species Isolated from Companion Birds and Poultry in the Northeast of Iranپروفایل حساسیت آنتی میکروبی گونه های انتروکوکوس جدا شده از برخی پرندگان زینتی و طیور در شمال شرق ایران20721311640510.22092/ari.2017.108332.1089ENJ. SoodmandDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranT. ZeinaliSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran0000-0003-1596-1544G. KalidariDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranG. HashemitabarDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJ. Razmyar1. Department of Avian Diseases , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2. Department of clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.Journal Article20161113Enterococci are Gram-positive facultative anaerobic bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract of the mammals and birds. These cocci are isolated from urinary tract infections, bacteremia, endocarditis, and burn wounds in humans. The evolution of antibiotic-resistant enterococci raised a problem due to the possibility of the transmission of these organisms between poultry and human. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of Enterococcus species among companion birds and poultry in the Northeastern of Iran and determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of enterococci. To this end, oral and cloacal swabs were collected from 150 caged birds. Antibiotic susceptibility profile was determined using the standard disk diffusion method. The results revealed that out of 150 samples, 56 (37.33%) cases contained enterococci. Most of the specimens (25.33%) were Enterococcus faecalis isolated from 6.66% of the samples. Additionally, 2.66% and 1.33% of the samples were contaminated with Enterococcus mundtii and Enterococcus gallinarum, respectively. Furthermore, Enterococcus malodoratus and Enterococcus raffinosus were isolated from 0.66% of the samples. The results revealed that all of the isolates of <em>E. faecalis</em> and <em>E. faecium</em> were resistant to more than five antimicrobial agents. Most of <em>E. faecalis</em> and <em>E. faecium</em> isolates showed resistance to Cefazolin, Tiamulin, Flumequine, and Cephalexin. Accordingly, the majority of the isolates had multidrug resistance to the tested antibiotics. In conclusion, the presence of multidrug-resistant enterococci in the birds living close to humans requires thorough observations due to the transmission of these organisms to humans.https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_116405_cdd6581dbb8658923551f05da6cd5da2.pdfRazi Vaccine & Serum Research InstituteArchives of Razi Institute0365-343973320180901A Serological Survey of Neospora caninum Infection in Urban and Rural Dogs in Ahvaz District, Southwest of Iranبررسی سرولوژی عفونت ناشی از نئوسپورا کانینوم در سگهای شهری و روستایی منطقه اهواز، جنوب غرب ایران21522111639810.22092/ari.2017.107498.1069ENB. MosallanejadDepartment of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranS. BahramiDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranH. HamidinejatDepartment of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranS. GhanavatiGraduate Student, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, IranJournal Article20160902Dogs are important in the epidemiology of <em>Neospora caninum</em> because they act as definitive hosts, shedding oocysts in the environment. The aim of the present survey was to evaluate the serological prevalence of <em>Neospora caninum</em> infection in urban and rural dogs in Ahvaz district, southwest of Iran. In this study, blood samples were taken from 100 rural dogs and 50 urban dogs. The dogs were categorized into two age groups (i.e., ≤ 3 and > 3 years). Neospora agglutination test (NAT) was performed for the detection of infection. Among 150 samples, 30 (20%) showed infection in 1:50 to 1:800 dilutions by NAT (confidence interval 95%: 13.60-26.40). The antibody titers were as follows: 1:50 (n=1), 1:100 (n=14), 1:200 (n=3), 1:400 (n=10) and 1:800 (n=2). The highest serum dilution was 1:100 in 46.67% of the infected dogs and the lowest serum dilution was 1:50 in 3.33% of them. The obtained results showed a significant difference in seroprevalence between urban (10%) and rural (25%) dogs (P=0.03). Although the seroprevalence was higher in dogs above three years of age (23.33%) than below three years (17.78%), there was not a significant difference among different age groups in this regard (P>0.05). The possibility of infection in dogs above the age of three years was 1.3 more than those below three years of age (confidence interval 95%: 0.58-2.9). It can be concluded that a relatively considerable percentage of dogs in Ahvaz district are infected with <em>N. caninum</em>. These infected dogs can play an important role in the transmission of neosporosis to other animals.https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_116398_9df04b5c273ba08abca7f6b03a61a40c.pdfRazi Vaccine & Serum Research InstituteArchives of Razi Institute0365-343973320180901Comparative Evaluation of the Biochemical Effects of Ketamine plus Ketoprofen and Midazolam in the Premedication of Pigeonsارزیابی مقایسه ای تأثیر تجویز پیش دارویی بیومکانیک کتوپروفن و میدازولام با کتامین در کبوتر22322711640010.22092/ari.2017.109066.1099ENH. HajizadehDepartment of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranG. AbediDepartment of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranA. AsghariDepartment of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranS. HesarakiDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20170105The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of premedication with ketoprofen and midazolam in birds. A total of 24 male pigeons with an approximate weight of 300 g were divided into four equal groups. The control group (Group I) was injected with ketamine alone. Groups II-IV were injected with ketoprofen alone, ketoprofen+ketamine, and midazolam+ketamine, respectively. The biochemical changes in the four groups were evaluated after intramuscular drug injections at different anesthetic levels. A record of biochemical changes was maintained for each group. Blood samples were taken before and after the administration of the medications in order to measure the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), oxaloacetate transaminase (OT), prothrombin time (PT), glucose (GLU), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTF). The results showed significant differences in the mean levels of ALP, OT, PT, GLU, LDH, Alb, and TP after anesthesia, compared to that before anesthesia. Therefore, ketoprofen+ketamine can be used for the induction of anesthesia in birds.The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effects of premedication with ketoprofen and midazolam in birds. A total of 24 male pigeons with an approximate weight of 300 g were divided into four equal groups. The control group (Group I) was injected with ketamine alone. Groups II-IV were injected with ketoprofen alone, ketoprofen+ketamine, and midazolam+ketamine, respectively. The biochemical changes in the four groups were evaluated after intramuscular drug injections at different anesthetic levels. A record of biochemical changes was maintained for each group. Blood samples were taken before and after the administration of the medications in order to measure the levels of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), oxaloacetate transaminase (OT), prothrombin time (PT), glucose (GLU), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin (Alb), total protein (TP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGTF). The results showed significant differences in the mean levels of ALP, OT, PT, GLU, LDH, Alb, and TP after anesthesia, compared to that before anesthesia. Therefore, ketoprofen+ketamine can be used for the induction of anesthesia in birds.https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_116400_5b2f518b7cc6b41389529b1182970d04.pdfRazi Vaccine & Serum Research InstituteArchives of Razi Institute0365-343973320180901Bioinformatics Analysis of Upstream Region and Protein Structure of Fungal Phytase Geneتجزیه و تحلیل بیوانفورماتیکی نواحی بالادست ژن و ساختار پروتئین فیتاز قارچی22923711640310.22092/ari.2017.109655.1115ENM. GholizadehDepartment of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Animal and Food Sciences, Khuzestan Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University, Mollasani, Ahvaz, IranM.R. NassiryDepartment of Genetics, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranM. R. SaberiDepartment of Medical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IranA. A. Haddad-MashadrizehCell and Molecular Biotechnology Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20170217Phytase increases the bioavailability of phytate phosphorus in seed-based animal feeds and reduces the phosphorus pollution of animal waste. Since most animal feeds for pellets are heated up to 65-80 °C, the production of a thermostable structure for phytase can be useful. In this study, we sought to perform bioinformatics analysis of the upstream region and protein structure of fungal phytase to improve its expression and thermostability properties. We used bioinformatics methods such as similarity search, multiple alignment, statistical analysis of physicochemical properties of amino acids, pattern recognition, and protein modeling to find out the effective factors in heat resistance of phytase. Change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of the best pattern promoter resulting from the interaction between RNA polymerase and the promoter sequences of modified genes of phytase was equal to -9 kcalmol-1, which is lower compared to other interactions. The evaluation of the three-dimensional structure of new phytases showed that amino acid substitutions aimed at improving thermostability did not change the form and structure of the protein. The results of Prochek, Whatcheck, and ERRAT for structural analysis and verification were 84, 72, and 70, respectively, that were satisfactory.https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_116403_6d39ab464200515632855c23aba8d232.pdfRazi Vaccine & Serum Research InstituteArchives of Razi Institute0365-343973320180901Diagnosis of Avian Mycoplasmas: A Comparison between PCR and Culture Techniqueتشخیص مایکوپلاسمای طیور: مقایسه بین روش واکنش زنجیره ای پلیمراز و روش کشت23924411639910.22092/ari.2017.108217.1085ENF. MuhammadDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, PakistanDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Informatics Balochistan University of IT, Engineering
& Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta Takkatu Campus, Airport road Quetta, Balochistan, PakistanJ. HussainDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, PakistanS. K. FareedDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, PakistanT. Ahmad KhanDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, PakistanS. Ahmad KhanDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, PakistanDepartment of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Barrett Hodgson University, Karachi, PakistanA. AhmadDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi, Karachi, PakistanDepartment of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Barrett Hodgson University, Karachi, PakistanJournal Article20161110<em>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</em> and <em>Mycoplasma</em> synoviae are the causative agents of avian mycoplasmosis in commercial poultry. Among the available tools, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture are confirmatory tools for the diagnosis of mycoplasmosis after the initial serological screening of suspected birds. Overall, 181 samples were analyzed, 152 (84%) and 103 (57%) of which were found positive by PCR and culture, respectively. Further, 54 (92%) broiler samples were found positive for general avian mycoplasma. Among the total positive samples, MS positivity was as high as 72 (47%) by PCR, while it was 45 (44%) by culture. MG positivity was 23% and 25% in PCR- and culture-positive samples. MG grows more easily compared to MS. The agreement value between the tests was 67%. Overall, flock wise prevalence was not much varied. The prevalence of mycoplasmosis was higher during winter. Our study confirmed that PCR is the most sensitive and reliable tool for the diagnosis of avian mycoplasmosis in field samples.https://archrazi.areeo.ac.ir/article_116399_e7a02d32be459e70722f1417b1804def.pdf